Surgical endoscopy
The most recent articles from:
Surg Endosc
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Cardiac procedures in exteriorized fetuses or assisted by fetoscopy require monitoring capabilities not attended by conventional maternal transabdominal echocardiography. ⋯ In conclusion, fetal TEE can be achieved with minor fetal injury and may provide useful information during open and fetoscopic cardiac procedures. Further improvements in IVUC design will permit the application of this technique to monitor human fetal cardiac procedures.