Journal of neurotrauma
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Journal of neurotrauma · Mar 2012
Interstitial F(2)-isoprostane 8-iso-PGF(2α) as a biomarker of oxidative stress after severe human traumatic brain injury.
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to the secondary injury process after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). The importance of oxidative stress in the pathobiology of human TBI is largely unknown. The F(2)-isoprostane 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2α) (8-iso-PGF(2α)), synthesized in vivo through non-enzymatic free radical catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid, is a widely used biomarker of oxidative stress in multiple disease states, including TBI and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. ⋯ This study demonstrates the feasibility of analyzing 8-iso-PGF(2α) in MD samples from the human brain. Our results support a close relationship between oxidative stress and excitotoxicity following human TBI. MD-8-iso-PGF(2α) in combination with MD-glycerol may be useful biomarkers of oxidative stress in the neurointensive care setting.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Mar 2012
Combined VEGF and PDGF treatment reduces secondary degeneration after spinal cord injury.
Trauma to the spinal cord creates an initial physical injury damaging neurons, glia, and blood vessels, which then induces a prolonged inflammatory response, leading to secondary degeneration of spinal cord tissue, and further loss of neurons and glia surrounding the initial site of injury. Angiogenesis is a critical step in tissue repair, but in the injured spinal cord angiogenesis fails; blood vessels formed initially later regress. Stabilizing the angiogenic response is therefore a potential target to improve recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). ⋯ There was no significant effect of the treatment on blood vessel density, although there was a significant reduction in the numbers of macrophages/microglia surrounding the lesion, and a shift in the distribution of morphological and immunological phenotypes of these inflammatory cells. VEGF and PDGF delivered singly exacerbated secondary degeneration, increasing the size of the lesion cavity. These results demonstrate a novel therapeutic intervention for SCI, and reveal an unanticipated synergy for these growth factors whereby they modulated inflammatory processes and created a microenvironment conducive to axon preservation/sprouting.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Mar 2012
Randall-Selitto test: a new approach for the detection of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.
In this work we assess the usefulness of the Randall-Selitto test as a method to detect and quantify neuropathic pain responses in rats subjected to different spinal cord injuries. The mechanical nociceptive thresholds were significantly reduced during follow-up after spinal cord contusion or transection. ⋯ Moreover, it does not require weight support capacity, so it can be used at early time points after the injury. This is the first time that this method has been used to describe the changes in nociceptive thresholds that take place after spinal cord injuries of different severities over time.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Mar 2012
Effects of age, gender, and socio-economic status on the incidence of spinal cord injury: an assessment using the eleven-year comprehensive nationwide database of Taiwan.
This study used an 11-year nationwide database to analyze the incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) in subgroups by age, gender, injury level, etiology, and socioeconomic status. The National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, covering over 99% of the population accumulated from 1998 to 2008, was analyzed. All SCI patients>20 years of age and admitted to medical services were identified. ⋯ Those in the most rural area were more likely (HR=1.69) to have SCI than those in the most urbanized areas. The overall national incidence of adult SCI in Taiwan was 246 per million-person-year. Several groups, such as elderly men with lower socioeconomic status, were more likely to experience SCI.
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Journal of neurotrauma · Mar 2012
Amphetamine-enhanced motor training after cervical contusion injury.
Individually, motor training, pharmacological interventions, and housing animals in an enriched environment (EE) following spinal cord injury (SCI) result in limited functional improvement but, when combined, may enhance motor function. Here, we tested amphetamine (AMPH)-enhanced skilled motor training following a unilateral C3-C4 contusion injury on the qualitative components of reaching and on skilled forelimb function, as assessed using single-pellet and staircase reaching tasks. Kinematic analysis evaluated the quality of the reach, and unskilled locomotor function was also tested. ⋯ Kinematics provided no evidence that improved function was related to improved quality of reach. There was no evidence of neuroprotection in the cervical spinal cord. The absence of evidence for kinematic improvement or neuroprotection suggested that AMPH-enhanced motor training is due primarily to supraspinal effects, an enhancement of attention during skilled motor training, or plasticity in supraspinal circuitry involved with motor control.