Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology
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J Neurosurg Anesthesiol · Jan 2012
β2 adrenergic-mediated reduction of blood glutamate levels and improved neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury in rats.
Isoflurane-anesthetized rats subjected to traumatic brain injury (TBI) show a transient reduction in blood L-glutamate levels. Having previously observed that isoproterenol produces a sustained decrease in blood glutamate levels in naive rats, we investigated the possible effects of nonselective and selective β1 and β2 adrenergic agonists and antagonists both on blood glutamate levels and on the neurological outcomes of rats subjected to TBI. ⋯ The results suggest that the transient blood glutamate reduction seen after TBI is the result of a stress response and of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system through the β2 adrenergic receptors, causing an increase of the brain-to-blood efflux of glutamate observed with excess brain glutamate levels after a brain insult. This strongly correlates with the neurological improvement observed 24 hours after TBI.
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J Neurosurg Anesthesiol · Jan 2012
Neuroprotective effects of remifentanil against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.
Opioid agonists have been implicated in neuroprotection from hypoxic injury through regulating mitogen-activated protein kinases and cytokines. We determined the effects of remifentanil in focal brain ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mechanisms linked to mitogen-activated protein kinases, including extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 kinases, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and various cytokines were also examined. ⋯ Remifentanil may be neuroprotective against focal I/R injury, possibly through the activation of δ-opioid receptors and attenuation of ERK 1/2 activity and TNF-α production, in the rat brain.
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J Neurosurg Anesthesiol · Jan 2012
Editorial CommentOn a not-dead horse: CPP deserves more respect.
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J Neurosurg Anesthesiol · Jan 2012
Letter Case ReportsAcute hemodynamic disturbances during lumbar spine surgery.