Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI
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Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging is a fast and accurate modality for the detection of disease throughout the entire body. Technical improvements including the availability of different high image quality MR sequences, the remote movement of the imaging table, and the use of specialized surface coils have rendered whole-body screening with MRI a feasible method. In this article we describe underlying techniques and report on first clinical experiences of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging as a staging and screening method. Furthermore, advantages and limitations compared with whole-body imaging based on computed tomography are discussed.
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Top Magn Reson Imaging · Feb 2005
ReviewContrast agents in abdominal imaging: current and future directions.
Magnetic resonance imaging is an established imaging method for the evaluation of the abdomen. Accurate assessment of the liver, spleen, pancreas, bile ducts, vascular structures, and retroperitoneal organs (eg, the kidneys, the collecting system, and the adrenals) are possible on MR imaging. ⋯ The advent of more specific, "hepatobiliary" contrast agents has further improved the differential diagnostic process, particularly for MR imaging of the liver. The availability of orally administered MR contrast agents has further extended the range of abdominal applications, making MR imaging of the small bowel and the colon established imaging procedures.
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Top Magn Reson Imaging · Feb 2005
ReviewMagnetic resonance angiography of abdominal and lower extremity vasculature.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has evolved over the past years from an experimental imaging modality to a technique that is now widely applied in clinical practice. This article reviews the fundamentals of the different magnetic resonance angiographic techniques and how they can be applied for abdominal and peripheral arterial imaging. ⋯ High-quality imaging of the renal arteries demands isotropic voxels and reformations orthogonal to the vessel axis for evaluation. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the peripheral vascular tree is now a highly accurate technique and has replaced diagnostic intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography and duplex ultrasonography in many hospitals.
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Technologic innovations in instrumentation and contrast agents naturally lead to new clinical and research applications in body MRI. Although long-range predictions of innovation are an uncertain process, short-term trends in development are more readily discernable. This review will provide examples of recent developments in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, contrast agent development and molecular imaging, instrumentation, post-processing, and screening in an attempt to describe areas of active research.
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Spinal cord development occurs through three consecutive periods. Gastrulation (weeks 2-3) is characterized by conversion of the embryonic disk from a bilaminar to a trilaminar arrangement and establishment of a notochord. Primary neurulation (weeks 3-4) produces the uppermost nine tenths of the spinal cord. ⋯ Closed spinal dysraphisms with mass comprise lipomyeloschisis, lipomyelomeningocele, meningocele, and myelocystocele. Closed spinal dysraphisms without mass comprise complex dysraphic states (ranging from complete dorsal enteric fistula to neurenteric cysts, split cord malformations, dermal sinuses, caudal regression, and spinal segmental dysgenesis), bony spina bifida, tight filum terminale, filar and intradural lipomas, and persistent terminal ventricle. Magnetic resonance imaging is the imaging method of choice for investigation of this complex group of disorders.