European journal of cancer : official journal for European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) [and] European Association for Cancer Research (EACR)
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Multicenter Study
Efficacy of targeted therapies after PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Monoclonal antibodies that target the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) pathway have shown antitumour activity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and are currently being developed in first-line (in combination) and in previously treated patients. The efficacy targeted therapy (TT) after PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is still unknown. ⋯ Both VEGF/VEGFR and mTOR inhibitors demonstrate antitumour activity following PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Bacterial dysbiosis was previously described in human malignancies. In a recent animal model, tumour susceptibility was transmitted using faecal transplantation. Our aim was to evaluate possible association between antibiotic exposure and cancer risk. ⋯ Recurrent exposure to certain antibiotics may be associated with cancer risk in specific organ sites.
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The primary aim of this study was to determine whether randomised phase 2 (RP2) trials predict phase 3 trial outcome better than single arm phase 2 (SAP2) studies. Although theoretical superiority of RP2 trials has been postulated, no empiric studies have been conducted. ⋯ RP2 studies were not superior to SAP2 trials at predicting phase 3 study success. Further research into phase 2 trial design is required given the added resources required to conduct RP2 studies and the lack of empiric evidence supporting superiority over single arm studies.