Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2021
ReviewManagement of Anaplastic and Recurrent Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Indications for Surgical Resection, Molecular Testing, and Systemic Therapy.
Differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer are tumors derived from follicular thyroid cancers and are clinically and genetically distinct. Treatment of these tumors has evolved over the past decade, with 6 drugs/drug combinations that are US Food and Drug Administration approved.
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Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are crucial for development and differentiation of various cells in the body. They are also essential for regulating metabolism in nearly all tissues. ⋯ The thyroid can take up radioactive iodine just like it would take iodine and hence can be used to evaluate and treat several thyroid diseases. Radioactive iodine is one of the first radioisotopes to be used in medicine.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2021
ReviewParathyroid Imaging: Four-dimensional Computed Tomography, Sestamibi, and Ultrasonography.
Primary hyperparathyroidism results most commonly from a parathyroid adenoma, a benign parathyroid tumor that causes high levels of parathyroid hormone production. Given recent advances in surgical techniques allowing more focused, minimally invasive procedures, presurgical identification of candidate operative tissue has become increasingly useful in avoidance of 4-gland exploration. ⋯ This article discusses technical and interpretive approaches for the available modalities, and reviews their strengths and weaknesses. Updates to the individual modalities and approaches for problem solving in lesion detection are also addressed.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2021
ReviewPreoperative Molecular Testing of Thyroid Nodules: Current Concepts.
Robust molecular testing is commercially available for adjuvant assessment of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Testing has been developed and optimized for fine needle aspiration biopsy collections of thyroid nodules typically under ultrasound evaluation. These assays use a combination of gene expression and/or DNA and RNA assessments for molecular alterations to stratify indeterminate thyroid nodules as benign with risk level similar to benign cytologic read or suspicious with increased risk of malignancy. Guidelines for when to consider adjuvant molecular testing will be discussed.