Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Nov 2024
ReviewCatheter-directed Cerebral and Spinal Angiography in Children.
Catheter-directed angiography (CDA) is the gold standard neuroimaging study employed in the workup of most neurovascular conditions in both adults and children. When neuroangiography was first introduced in 1927 by Egas Moniz, it was performed by direct percutaneous injection of a contrast bolus into the cervical carotid arteries without catheters. This method was associated with a high risk of serious complications. Though neuroangiography was performed in the pediatric population as early as in the 1940s, it was not until the 1950s that development of Seldinger technique and angiographic catheters enabled CDA to be performed as it is today.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Nov 2024
ReviewSpecial Considerations for Cross-Sectional Imaging in the Child with Neurovascular Disease.
Pediatric neurovascular diseases are a complex group of disorders associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Given their heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from emergent presentations (eg, acute neurologic deficits) to chronic neurocognitive or developmental issues, cross-sectional imaging modalities play a key role in accurate diagnosis and direct further management. However, imaging pediatric patients is associated with logistical and technical issues. This article provides an overview of the cross-sectional findings of common pediatric neurovascular diseases and discusses the imaging techniques used for their diagnosis.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2024
ReviewDiagnostic Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders, and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated Disease.
The diagnostic workup of multiple sclerosis (MS) has evolved considerably. The 2017 revision of the McDonald criteria shows high sensitivity and accuracy in predicting clinically definite MS in patients with a typical clinically isolated syndrome and allows an earlier MS diagnosis. ⋯ New MR imaging markers may improve diagnostic specificity for these conditions, thus reducing the risk of misdiagnosis. This study summarizes the most recent updates regarding the application of MR imaging for the diagnosis of MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2024
ReviewAdvanced Brain Imaging in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases.
In recent decades, advances in neuroimaging have profoundly transformed our comprehension of central nervous system demyelinating diseases. Remarkable technological progress has enabled the integration of cutting-edge acquisition and postprocessing techniques, proving instrumental in characterizing subtle focal changes, diffuse microstructural alterations, and macroscopic pathologic processes. This review delves into state-of-the-art modalities applied to multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Furthermore, it explores how this dynamic landscape holds significant promise for the development of effective and personalized clinical management strategies, encompassing support for differential diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring treatment response, and patient stratification.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Aug 2024
ReviewCognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: Past, Present, and Future.
Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and can have negative effects on quality of life. The clinical presentation can be more subtle and insidious. ⋯ Recent evidence supports that relapses affect cognition in a similar pattern to other physical relapse symptoms and may be the only symptom of a relapse. Regular screening using validated tests for PwMS will improve the care provided and quality of life of PwMS.