Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2019
ReviewImaging Findings in Syndromes with Temporal Bone Abnormalities.
There is a wide variety of congenital syndromes that can involve the temporal bone. Many of these have overlapping features due to common embryologic abnormalities, such as first and second branchial anomalies. Diagnostic imaging is often important in the workup of hearing deficits related to congenital syndromes. This article reviews the imaging features of selected congenital syndromes with temporal bone abnormalities, including Treacher Collins syndrome, oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia spectrum, Klippel-Feil syndrome, branchio-oto-renal syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, CHARGE syndrome, Pendred syndrome, Down syndrome, Trisomy 18, Turner syndrome, and neurofibromatosis type 2.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2019
ReviewArterial Anomalies of the Middle Ear: A Pictorial Review with Clinical-Embryologic and Imaging Correlation.
The differential diagnosis of a red and/or pulsatile retrotympanic mass includes aberrant internal carotid artery, persistent stapedial artery (PSA), glomus tympanicum, and dehiscent jugular bulb. By recognizing the features of aberrant internal carotid artery and PSA on high-resolution computed tomography, these entities can be assessed by the radiologist. PSA is further classified by type because each type demonstrates a unique set of imaging features in addition to features common to all types. Although rarely encountered, it is important to reliably and consistently detect these anomalies because failure to do so can lead to disastrous surgical outcomes.
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Temporal bone pathologies are challenging to discern because of their small size and subtle contrast. MR imaging is one of the key modalities in evaluating otologic diseases. Current advancement in MR techniques provide multiparametric information for evaluation of these pathologies. The aim of this article is to review state-of-the-art 3-dimensional morphologic and diffusion sequences for otologic MR imaging.
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In their variety, temporal bone tumors mirror the complexity of the structure from which they arise. They include more familiar lesions, such as vestibular schwannomas and paragangliomas, and also rarer neoplasms, such as nonvestibular schwannomas, sarcomas, giant cell tumors, Schneiderian papillomas, and endolymphatic sac tumors. ⋯ The ability to differentiate tumors from benign ('don't touch') or indolent lesions can prevent unnecessary morbidity. This article reviews a range of temporal bone neoplasms, focusing on imaging approaches and characteristic imaging findings.
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Third window abnormalities are bony defects of the inner ear that enable abnormal communication with the middle ear and/or cranial cavity. Vestibular symptoms include vertigo and nystagmus induced by loud noises or increases in pressure. ⋯ High-resolution temporal bone computed tomography is the first-line imaging modality for evaluation of third window pathology and is critical for accurate diagnosis and management. This article reviews the fundamental mechanisms of the third window phenomenon and describes imaging findings and differential diagnosis.