American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses
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Positioning of critically ill patients affects hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary outcomes. A review of clinical studies indicates that backrest elevations up to 60 degrees do not affect measurement of intracardiac pressures or cardiac output, but PaO2 may diminish in sitting positions following surgical procedures. In lateral positions, measurement of intracardiac pressures and cardiac output is not recommended, since a uniform reference point has not been identified for lateral positions. ⋯ Prone positioning may be beneficial in adult respiratory distress syndrome and in weaning of mechanically ventilated patients. When planning positioning maneuvers, critical care nurses should consider these effects in relation to the specific needs of each patient. Hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary responses to positioning should be evaluated in conjunction with other therapeutic modalities such as those designed to preserve skin integrity and improve comfort.
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To review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of gram-negative sepsis and the new consensus terminology describing the clinical signs of sepsis. ⋯ If the incidence of sepsis is to be reduced, the healthcare provider must be aware of the risk factors for sepsis and methods of reducing nosocomial infections. A thorough understanding of the role of mediators and consensus terminology used to describe sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is necessary to recognize early or progressive signs of sepsis and to initiate state-of-the-art therapy.
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Practice Guideline Guideline
Guidelines for the transfer of critically ill patients. Guidelines Committee, American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine and the Transfer Guidelines Task Force.
The development of practice guidelines for the conduct of intra- and interhospital transport of the critically ill patient. ⋯ The available data has allowed the authors to develop an evidence-based practice policy for the intra- and interhospital transport of the critically ill.
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To assess the beliefs and attitudes of critical care nurses about the effects of visiting on patients, staff and family. ⋯ To provide an optimal situation for visiting, its negative consequences must be minimized and nurses' attitudes and beliefs about visiting must be assessed and addressed.
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Discontinuation of mechanical ventilation because of the recognition of futility of continued treatment or because of patient or family request is an increasingly frequent occurrence in critical care. Although there is broad consensus about the patient's right to refuse life support, little has been written about the actual procedure of withdrawing mechanical ventilation. ⋯ Ethical principles supporting the position that ventilator withdrawal under these conditions can be morally justified and principles suggesting that ventilator withdrawal is morally objectionable are evaluated. Factors contributing to clinicians' ambivalence about this issue and guidelines for planning and implementing treatment withdrawal are discussed.