Addiction
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Hepatitis C (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among injection drug users (IDUs) and likely to cause significant mortality over time, but little research attention has focused upon the magnitude of this risk, particularly among ageing users. This study examined trends over time in mortality attributed to liver disease, and in particular contrasting this with other more commonly studied causes of death [acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), suicide and overdose] among an ageing cohort of heroin-dependent people in Australia. ⋯ Liver disease has become the most common cause of mortality among ageing opioid-dependent people in an ageing Australian cohort. There is an imperative to reduce the long-term risks of HCV and other risks to the liver, including alcohol consumption, which are typically not the major clinical focus for this group.
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To assess the patterns of use, subjective effect profile and dependence liability of mephedrone, supported by corroborative urine toxicology. ⋯ Mephedrone has a high abuse and health risk liability, with increased tolerance, impaired control and a compulsion to use, the predominant reported dependence symptoms.
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To assess the profile, utilization patterns, satisfaction and perceived effects among users of electronic cigarettes ('e-cigarettes'). ⋯ E-cigarettes were used much as people would use nicotine replacement medications: by former smokers to avoid relapse or as an aid to cut down or quit smoking. Further research should evaluate the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes for administration of nicotine and other substances, and for quitting and relapse prevention.
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To assess the association between access to off-premises alcohol outlets and harmful alcohol consumption. ⋯ The number of off-premises alcohol outlets in a locality is associated with the level of harmful alcohol consumption in that area. Reducing the number of off-premises alcohol outlets could reduce levels of harmful alcohol consumption.