Anaesthesia
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Breathing system filters can be used to humidify gases delivered to patients. Performance can be determined by measuring the net moisture loss (the difference between expired and inspired levels of humidity) from a patient model. ⋯ The net moisture loss decreased as the humidity in the breathing system increased and was less for the lower tidal volume. Adequate levels of humidity (>/= 20 g.m-3) will be delivered to patients by most filters provided they are used in conjunction with circle breathing systems and low fresh gas flows.
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Letter Case Reports
Difficult intubation due to ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament.