Journal of strength and conditioning research
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Hoffman, JR, Kraemer, WJ, Bhasin, S, Storer, T, Ratamess, NA, Haff, GG, Willoughby, DS, and Rogol, AD. Position stand on Androgen and human growth hormone use. J Strength Cond Res 23(5): S1-S59, 2009-Perceived yet often misunderstood demands of a sport, overt benefits of anabolic drugs, and the inability to be offered any effective alternatives has fueled anabolic drug abuse despite any consequences. ⋯ The use of anabolic drugs to enhance athletic performance has become a major concern for professional sport organizations, sport governing bodies, and the federal government. It is the belief of the NSCA that through education and research we can mitigate the abuse of androgens and hGH by athletes. Due to the diversity of testosterone-related drugs and molecules, the term androgens is believed to be a more appropriate term for anabolic steroids.
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J Strength Cond Res · May 2009
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative StudyComparison of two lower-body modes of endurance training on lower-body strength development while concurrently training.
The most recent American College of Sports Medicine (1998) recommendations for quantity and quality of exercise includes both resistance and endurance exercise components. Skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance-only and endurance-only programs may be different and possibly antagonistic when both types of training are imposed concurrently. The present study examined the effect of two different modes of lower-body endurance exercise (i.e., cycle ergometry and incline treadmill walking) on lower-body strength development with concurrent resistance training designed to improve lower-body strength (i.e., bilateral leg press 1 repetition maximum [RM]). ⋯ The findings confirm previous studies that reported attenuated strength development with concurrent resistance and endurance training compared with resistance-only training. More importantly, this study indicates that the mode of endurance exercise in concurrent training regimens may play a role in the development of strength. Specifically, it seems that cycling is superior to treadmill endurance training for an individual with the goal of developing strength in a multijoint movement (i.e., leg press or squat) in the lower-body because it more closely mimics the biomechanical movement of these exercises.
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J Strength Cond Res · May 2009
Alterations in pain perception after resistance exercise performed in the morning and evening.
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether changes in experimentally induced pain perception after acute resistance exercise (RE) are influenced by the time of day that RE is performed. Twenty-one recreationally trained (>1 year of regular recreational RE participation) young men (mean age = 21 years) completed 2 acute RE sessions at different times of day. One RE session was performed between 6:00 and 8:00 in the morning, and the other was performed between 6:00 and 8:00 in the evening. ⋯ The results revealed that, irrespective of the time of day RE was performed, pain threshold increased significantly (p < 0.01) at 1 minute after exercise. Pain ratings were also found to be significantly (p < 0.01) lower at 1 minute after RE in both the morning and evening. It is concluded that acute RE results in alterations in the perception of experimentally induced pressure pain and that this hypoalgesic response is not influenced by the time of day that RE is performed.
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J Strength Cond Res · Mar 2009
Predictors of functional task performance among patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common health problem affecting more than 7 million Americans. Declines in strength, flexibility, and knee joint pain reduce functional ability and contribute to decisions for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study describes predictors of functional ability among knee patients scheduled for TKA and proposes a preoperative exercise program to improve functional ability. ⋯ These regression equations identified flexion strength of the nonsurgical knee as predicting 24-45% of the variance of functional ability assessments that involved independent or consecutive knee movement. Other variables that, to a lesser degree, predicted performance of the functional ability assessments included knee joint ROM and body mass index. Because functional ability after TKA is strongly dependent on presurgical functional ability, future investigators may wish to examine the impact of improving presurgical functional ability of TKA patients through resistance training, particularly closed-kinetic chain exercises that transfer fewer forces through the knee joint.
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J Strength Cond Res · Jan 2009
Recovery from a national collegiate athletic association division I football game: muscle damage and hormonal status.
The purpose of this study was to examine markers of skeletal muscle tissue damage and circulating anabolic and catabolic hormones to gain insight into the recovery process from Friday until Monday, when a new practice week begins. Twenty-eight National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players gave consent to participate in the investigation in the ninth game of the season. Sixteen players started the game and played the entire game (PL), and 12 others did not play and were on the bench during the game (DNP). ⋯ However, by the ninth game of a season, players do carry soft tissue damage levels above resting ranges into subsequent games, indicating that recovery should be monitored, with coaches being careful with scheduling scrimmage and full-contact drills. How such data implicate overuse injuries remains unclear, considering that hormonal status in this study was highly stable, with catabolic influences minimized by the high level of athlete conditioning. These data again support that high-level conditioning can stabilize anabolic and catabolic hormonal signals and limit acute soft tissue injury, making cerebral concussion (acute and chronic) and traumatic injury the biggest threats to a student-athlete's health and well-being during an American football game.