Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
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Scaphoid fractures are the most common carpal fracture, representing 70% of carpal bone fractures. The diagnostic accuracy of physical examination findings and emergency medicine (EM) imaging studies for scaphoid fracture has not been previously described in the EM literature. Plain x-rays are insufficient to rule out scaphoid fractures in a patient with a suggestive mechanism and radial-sided tenderness on physical examination. This study was a meta-analysis of historical features, physical examination findings, and imaging studies for scaphoid fractures not visualized on plain x-ray in adult emergency department (ED) patients, specifically to address which types of imaging tests should be recommended in patients with persistent concern for acute fracture after ED discharge. ⋯ Except for the absence of snuffbox tenderness, which can significantly reduce the probability of scaphoid fracture, history and physical examination alone are inadequate to rule in or rule out scaphoid fracture. MRI is the most accurate imaging test to diagnose scaphoid fractures in ED patients with no evidence of fracture on initial x-rays. If MRI is unavailable, CT is adequate to rule in scaphoid fractures, but inadequate for ruling out scaphoid fractures.
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Comparative Study Observational Study
Feasibility and Diagnostic Accuracy of Brief Health Literacy and Numeracy Screening Instruments in an Urban Emergency Department.
The objective was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of five health literacy screening instruments in emergency department (ED) patients: the Rapid Evaluation of Adult Literacy in Medicine-Revised (REALM-R), the Newest Vital Sign (NVS), Single Item Literacy Screens (SILS), health numeracy, and physician gestalt. A secondary objective was to evaluate the feasibility of these instruments as measured by administration time, time on task, and interruptions during test administration. ⋯ One-quarter of these ED patients had marginal or inadequate health literacy. Among the brief screening instruments evaluated, a normal NVS result accurately reduced the probability of LHL, although it will identify two-thirds of ED patients as high risk for LHL. None of the brief screening instruments significantly increases the probability of LHL when abnormal.
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In the emergency department (ED), health care providers miss delirium approximately 75% of the time, because they do not routinely screen for this syndrome. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) is a brief (<1 minute) delirium assessment that may be feasible for use in the ED. The study objective was to determine its validity and reliability in older ED patients. ⋯ In older ED patients, the CAM-ICU is highly specific, and a positive test is nearly diagnostic for delirium when used by both the EP and RAs. However, the CAM-ICU's sensitivity was modest, and a negative test decreased the likelihood of delirium by a small amount. The consequences of a false-negative CAM-ICU are unknown and deserve further study.
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Observational Study
The Microcirculation Is Preserved in Emergency Department Low-acuity Sepsis Patients Without Hypotension.
Microcirculatory dysfunction plays an important role in sepsis pathophysiology. Previous studies using sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging have demonstrated microcirculatory flow abnormalities in patients with septic shock; however, the microcirculation is relatively unstudied in lower-acuity sepsis patients. The hypothesis was that patients with sepsis, but without hypotension, will demonstrate signs of flow abnormalities compared to noninfected control patients. ⋯ Measureable microcirculatory flow abnormalities were not observed in patients with early sepsis in the absence of hypotension. However, microcirculatory abnormalities were correlated with elevated serum lactate in normotensive sepsis patients, supporting the notion that impaired microcirculatory flow is coupled with cellular distress.
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Wilderness medicine is the practice of resource-limited medicine under austere conditions. In 2003, the first wilderness medicine fellowship was established, and as of March 2013, a total of 12 wilderness medicine fellowships exist. ⋯ The final product specifies the minimum core content that should be covered during a 1-year wilderness medicine fellowship. It also describes the structure, length, site, and program requirements for a wilderness medicine fellowship.