Shock : molecular, cellular, and systemic pathobiological aspects and therapeutic approaches : the official journal the Shock Society, the European Shock Society, the Brazilian Shock Society, the International Federation of Shock Societies
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The aim of this study was to evaluate microdialysis of the rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) for early detection of subclinical organ dysfunction in a porcine model of critical intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Microdialysis catheters for analyses of lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol levels were placed in cervical muscles (control), gastric and jejunal wall, liver, kidney, and RAM of 30 anesthetized mechanically ventilated pigs. Catheters for venous lactate and interleukin 6 samples were placed in the jugular, portal, and femoral vein. ⋯ Venous lactate was increased compared with baseline and shams in the femoral vein of the IAH30 group only. Intra-abdominal pressure-induced ischemic metabolic changes are detected more rapidly and pronounced by microdialysis of the RAM when compared with intra-abdominal organs. Thus, the RAM represents an important and easily accessible site for the early detection of subclinical organ dysfunction during critical IAH.
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The effects of acute reduction in arterial blood pressure in severe anaphylactic shock (AS) on cerebral blood flow are of paramount importance to be investigated. We studied cerebral circulation and oxygenation in a model of severe AS and compared it with a pharmacologically induced arterial hypotension of similar magnitude. Anaphylactic shock was induced by 1 mg intravenous ovalbumin (OVA) in sensitized rats. ⋯ On the contrary, nicardipine-induced hypotension had only a limited impact on CBF, cardiac output, CCBF, and PtiO2 for a similar MAP decrease. There was a linear relation between CCBF and blood pressure in the OVA (regression slope: 0.87 [SD, 0.06]; median r = 0.81) but not in the NICAR group (regression slope: 0.23 [SD, 0.32]; median r = 0.33). Anaphylactic shock resulted in severe impairment of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation, beyond what could be expected from the level of arterial hypotension.
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Aspiration of hydrochloric acid (HCl)-containing gastric juice leads to acute lung injury (ALI) and hypoxemic respiratory failure due to an exuberant inflammatory response associated with pulmonary edema from increased vascular and epithelial permeability. The aim of this study was to determine the role and signaling mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in experimental ALI from HCl aspiration using a combination of genetic animal models and pharmacologic inhibition strategies. To this end, HCl was instilled intratracheally to mice, followed by respiratory system elastance measurement, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissue harvesting 24 h after injection. ⋯ Hydrochloric acid induced a 6-fold increase in apoptotic, caspase 3-positive cells in lung sections from wild-type mice, which was abrogated in mice lacking TNF-α receptor I. In immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry studies, HCl stimulated signaling via p44/42 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which was blocked in TNF-α receptor I knockout mice. In conclusion, ALI induced by HCl requires TNF-α receptor I function and associates with activation of downstream proinflammatory signaling pathways p44/42 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
Resuscitation of traumatic hemorrhagic shock patients with hypertonic saline-without dextran-inhibits neutrophil and endothelial cell activation.
Posttraumatic inflammation and excessive neutrophil activation cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), a major cause of death among hemorrhagic shock patients. Traditional resuscitation strategies may exacerbate inflammation; thus, novel fluid treatments are needed to reduce such posttraumatic complications. Hypertonic resuscitation fluids inhibit inflammation and reduce MODS in animal models. ⋯ This study demonstrates that initial resuscitation with HS, but neither NS nor HSD, can attenuate posttraumatic neutrophil and endothelial cell activation in hemorrhagic shock patients. These data suggest that hypertonic resuscitation without dextran may inhibit posttraumatic inflammation. However, despite this effect, neither HS nor HSD reduced MODS in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock.
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Clinical Trial
Plasma levels of mitochondrial DNA in patients presenting to the emergency department with sepsis.
Elevated levels of plasma mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been reported in trauma patients and may contribute to the systemic immune response. We sought to determine the plasma levels of mtDNA in emergency department (ED) patients with and without sepsis and evaluate their association with severity of illness. This was a prospective observational study of patients presenting to one of three large, urban, tertiary care EDs. ⋯ Among patients with sepsis, we found a small but significant negative association between mtDNA level and SOFA score, most clearly with cytochrome b (P = 0.03). We found no difference in mtDNA levels between control subjects and patients with sepsis. Mitochondrial DNA levels were negatively associated with organ dysfunction, suggesting that plasma mtDNA does not significantly contribute to the pathophysiology of sepsis.