Shock : molecular, cellular, and systemic pathobiological aspects and therapeutic approaches : the official journal the Shock Society, the European Shock Society, the Brazilian Shock Society, the International Federation of Shock Societies
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Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins that are released from the injured tissues and activate the innate immune system. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a novel DAMP that is released into the extracellular milieu subsequent to cell death and injury. We hypothesized that cell death within the central nervous system in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) would lead to the release of mtDNA into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and has the potential to predict the outcome after trauma. ⋯ We found a significant correlation between CSF mtDNA and high mobility group box 1, another prototypical DAMP, concentrations (ρ = 0.574, P < 0.05), supporting the notion that both DAMPs are increased in the CSF after TBI. Our data suggest that CSF mtDNA is a novel DAMP in TBI and appears to be a useful biomarker that correlates with neurological outcome after TBI. Further inquiry into the components of mtDNA that modulate the innate immune response will be helpful in understanding the mechanism of local and systemic inflammation after TBI.
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Corticosteroids have been shown to reduce short-term mortality during septic shock and therefore recommended in the most severe patients as adjuvant therapy. Until recently, recombinant human activated protein C (APC) was also considered in the management of more severe cases. As myocardial depression has long been recognized as a manifestation of organ dysfunction during septic shock, we examined whether corticosteroids (dexamethasone, 150 µg/kg per hour) and/or APC (33 µg/kg per hour) treatments improve sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction during cecal ligature and puncture-induced septic shock in Wistar rats. ⋯ Cecal ligature and puncture induced hypotension, depression of myocardial systolic performance (demonstrated by significant decreases in dP/dtmax [first derivative of maximal developed pressure during isovolumetric contraction], end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, and preload recruitable stroke work) and alteration of diastolic function (dP/dtmin [first derivative of minimal developed pressure during isovolumetric relaxation]), whereas dexamethasone, APC, and their combination thereof allowed correction of hemodynamic disorders and improved myocardial mechanical efficiency. Cecal ligature and puncture was associated with higher levels of nitric oxide and superoxide anion (O2) in heart (electron paramagnetic resonance studies) and consequently peroxynitrite. Dexamethasone and APC also improved cardiac dysfunction by downregulating the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway and reducing myocardial oxidative stress.
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Breakdown of microvascular endothelial barrier functions contributes to disturbed microcirculation, organ failure, and death in sepsis. Increased endothelial cAMP levels by systemic application of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PD-4-I) have previously been demonstrated to protect microvascular barrier properties in a model of systemic inflammation (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) suggesting a novel therapeutic option to overcome this problem. However, in a clinically relevant model of polymicrobial sepsis long-term effects, immunomodulatory effects and effectivity of PD-4-I to stabilize microvascular barrier functions and microcirculation remained unexplored. ⋯ These data provide further evidence that systemic application of PD-4-I could be suitable for therapeutic microvascular barrier stabilization and improvement of microcirculatory flow in sepsis.
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Many preclinical studies in critical care medicine and related disciplines rely on hypothesis-driven research in mice. The underlying premise posits that mice sufficiently emulate numerous pathophysiologic alterations produced by trauma/sepsis and can serve as an experimental platform for answering clinically relevant questions. Recently, the lay press severely criticized the translational relevance of mouse models in critical care medicine. ⋯ While many investigators agree that animal research is a central component for improved patient outcomes, it is important to acknowledge known limitations in clinical translation from mouse to man. The scientific community is responsible to discuss valid limitations without overinterpretation. Hopefully, a balanced view of the strengths/weaknesses of using animals for trauma/endotoxemia/critical care research will not result in hasty discount of the clear need for using animals to advance treatment of critically ill patients.