American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Sep 2011
The inflammatory preatherosclerotic remodeling induced by intermittent hypoxia is attenuated by RANTES/CCL5 inhibition.
The highly prevalent obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) with its main component intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. The poor knowledge of its pathophysiology has limited the development of specific treatments, whereas the gold standard treatment, continuous positive airway pressure, may not fully reverse the chronic consequences of OSA and has limited acceptance in some patients. ⋯ Inflammation is a determinant mechanism for IH-induced preatherosclerotic remodeling involving RANTES/CCL5, a key chemokine in atherogenesis. Characterization of the inflammatory response could allow identifying at-risk patients for complications, and its pharmacologic manipulation may represent a potential complementary treatment of sleep apnea consequences.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Sep 2011
Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter StudyNoninvasive ventilation and weaning in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomized multicenter trial.
The use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as an early weaning/extubation technique from mechanical ventilation remains controversial. ⋯ No difference was found in the reintubation rate between the three weaning strategies. NIV decreases the intubation duration and may improve the weaning results in difficult-to-wean patients with CHRF by reducing the risk of postextubation ARF. The benefit of rescue NIV in these patients deserves confirmation.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Sep 2011
ReviewMatrix elastin: a promising biomarker for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem worldwide and is now the third leading cause of death in the United States. There is a lack of therapies that can stop progression of the disease and improve survival. New drug discovery can be aided by the development of biomarkers, which can act as indicators of severity in the course of the disease and responses to therapy. ⋯ The amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine exist only in matrix elastin; can be measured specifically and sensitively in plasma, urine, and sputum; and indicate changes in the systemic balance between elastase activity and elastase inhibition brought on by the systemic inflammatory state. The biomarker levels in sputum reflect the state of elastin degradation in the lung specifically. Clinical data accumulated over several decades indicate correlations of desmosine and isodesmosine levels with COPD of varying severity and responses to therapy.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Sep 2011
ReviewThe emerging field of quantitative blood metabolomics for biomarker discovery in critical illnesses.
Metabolomics, a science of systems biology, is the global assessment of endogenous metabolites within a biologic system and represents a "snapshot" reading of gene function, enzyme activity, and the physiological landscape. Metabolite detection, either individual or grouped as a metabolomic profile, is usually performed in cells, tissues, or biofluids by either nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or mass spectrometry followed by sophisticated multivariate data analysis. Because loss of metabolic homeostasis is common in critical illness, the metabolome could have many applications, including biomarker and drug target identification. ⋯ Although there is evidence of successful preclinical applications, the clinical usefulness and application of metabolomics in critical illness is just beginning to emerge, the advancement of which hinges on linking metabolite data to known and validated clinically relevant indices. In addition, other important aspects, such as patient selection, sample collection, and processing, as well as the needed multivariate data analysis, have to be taken into consideration before this innovative approach to biomarker discovery can become a reliable tool in the intensive care unit. The purpose of this review is to begin to familiarize clinicians with the field of metabolomics and its application for biomarker discovery in critical illnesses such as sepsis.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Sep 2011
Elevated eosinophil protein X in urine from healthy neonates precedes development of atopy in the first 6 years of life.
Biomarkers predicting development of atopic disease are needed for targeted preventive measures and to study if disease pathology may be active before onset of symptoms. ⋯ Eosinophil protein X in urine from asymptomatic neonates is a biomarker significantly associated with later development of allergic sensitization, nasal eosinophilia, and eczema during the first 6 years of life. These findings suggest activation of eosinophil granulocytes early in life before development of atopy-related symptoms.