American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Mar 2018
Comparative StudyComparison of Nutrition and Lung Function Outcomes in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Living in Canada and the United States.
A 10-year gap in the median age of survival for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was reported between patients living in Canada compared with patients living in the United States. ⋯ The reasons for the observed improvements, and catch-up in the United States, are likely multifactorial and include the introduction of high-fat, high-calorie diets; introduction of newborn screening; and/or improved access to care for CF children in the United States.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Mar 2018
ReviewMechanisms and Targeted Therapies for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a complex gram-negative facultative anaerobe replete with a variety of arsenals to activate, modify, and destroy host defense mechanisms. The microbe is a common cause of nosocomial infections and an antibiotic-resistant priority pathogen. In the lung, P. aeruginosa disrupts upper and lower airway homeostasis by damaging the epithelium and evading innate and adaptive immune responses. ⋯ P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecules regulate the release of soluble factors that enhance the spread of infection. These characteristics of P. aeruginosa differentially affect lung epithelial, innate, and adaptive immune cells involved in the production of mediators and the recruitment of additional immune cell subsets. Pathogen interactions with individual host cells and in the context of host acute lung infection are discussed to reveal pathways that may be targeted therapeutically.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Mar 2018
Anti-sFlt-1 Therapy Preserves Lung Alveolar and Vascular Growth in Antenatal Models of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.
Pregnancies complicated by antenatal stress, including preeclampsia (PE) and chorioamnionitis (CA), increase the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants, but biologic mechanisms linking prenatal factors with BPD are uncertain. Levels of sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1), an endogenous antagonist to VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), are increased in amniotic fluid and maternal blood in PE and associated with CA. ⋯ We conclude that treatment with anti-sFlt-1 mAb preserves lung structure and function and prevents right ventricular hypertrophy in two rat models of BPD of antenatal stress and speculate that early mAb therapy may provide a novel strategy for the prevention of BPD.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. · Mar 2018
B Cells Producing Type I Interferon Modulate Macrophage Polarization in Tuberculosis.
In addition to their well-known function as antibody-producing cells, B lymphocytes can markedly influence the course of infectious or noninfectious diseases via antibody-independent mechanisms. In tuberculosis (TB), B cells accumulate in lungs, yet their functional contribution to the host response remains poorly understood. ⋯ Type I IFN produced by Mtb-stimulated B cells favors macrophage polarization toward a regulatory/antiinflammatory phenotype during Mtb infection.