Journal of the American College of Surgeons
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Interleukin (IL)-6 production is increased in gut mucosa during sepsis and endotoxemia. The heat shock response augments IL-6 production under these conditions, but the mechanism is not known. We hypothesized that heat shock stimulates IL-6 production in enterocytes by increasing expression and activity of the transcription factor C/EBB. ⋯ Increased IL-6 production in IL-1beta-treated enterocytes expressing the heat shock response might be caused by upregulated expression and activity of CIEBP-beta. Because recent studies suggest that IL-6 might be an antiinflammatory cytokine and might exert protective effects in gut mucosa and enterocytes, understanding mechanisms by which the heat shock response augments IL-6 production might have important clinical implications.
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Rests of thyroid tissue within the thyrothymic area are relatively common and might be of clinical importance. The purpose of this study is to define the incidence and anatomy of thyroid tissue located in the line of the thyrothymic ligament, referred to here as "rests." ⋯ Rests of thyroid tissue within the thyrothymic area, either as entirely separate nodules or as prolongations from the thyroid lobe, are relatively common and might be of clinical importance during thyroid or parathyroid surgery.
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Extended surgical procedures are the only chance of longterm survival for patients with Klatskin tumors, but high mortality rates have been reported. The type of treatment for Bismuth type l-II carcinomas is still a matter of discussion. ⋯ Achievement of low in-hospital mortality rates is possible in specialized surgical departments. Aggressive surgical approaches can allow better longterm results in the subset of Bismuth type I-II carcinomas.
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Comment Letter
Lymphoscintigraphic anatomy of sentinel lymphatic channels.