Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
-
Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2013
ReviewCurrent challenges in pediatric pulmonary hypertension.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the pediatric population is associated with a variety of underlying diseases and causes, significantly morbidity and mortality. In the majority of patients, PAH in children is idiopathic or associated with congenital heart disease (CHD), with pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with connective tissue disease, a rare cause in children. ⋯ Although the treatment with new selective pulmonary vasodilators offers hemodynamic and functional improvement in pediatric populations, the treatments in children largely depend on results from evidence-based adult studies and experience of clinicians treating children. A recent randomized clinical trial of sildenafil and its long-term extension has led to disparate recommendations in the United States and Europe.
-
Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2013
ReviewIs Distal Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Treatable with PAH Targeted Drugs?
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a life-threatening condition that historically has a poor outcome with supportive medical treatment. Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the treatment of choice and offers the only chance of cure. ⋯ Despite the lack of licensed therapies for CTEPH, the similarities in pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and CTEPH has led to the compassionate use of PAH therapies in CTEPH patients. This article reviews the pathobiology of CTEPH and summaries the available evidence for the use of PAH-targeted drugs in CTEPH.
-
Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2013
ReviewA practical approach of pulmonary hypertension in the elderly.
Recent reports from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) registries suggest that the mean age at diagnosis is increasing, outlining a growing proportion of elderly male patients. As a consequence, the classical description of the disease is shifting and may no more be described as a rare disease typically affecting young women. Potential explanations of this changing picture may include an aging of populations in western countries, the increase in life expectancy and the growing awareness of PAH and emergence of potential efficient treatments. ⋯ Careful exploration by right heart catheterization is mandatory, but special attention should be paid to several pitfalls specific to this procedure in this age group. This is a matter of concern as clinical trials that aim to study new specific drug therapy for PAH might be biased by the inclusion of misdiagnosed patients. The aim of this review is to highlight the main difficulties in diagnosing PAH in the elderly and to propose a practical approach to distinguish PAH from the other frequent causes of PH in this population.
-
Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2013
ReviewExperimental models of right heart failure: a window for translational research in pulmonary hypertension.
The right ventricle (RV) faces major changes in loading conditions associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary vascular disorders. Despite major pharmacological advances since the last decade, pulmonary arterial hypertension remains a deadly disease mainly secondary to the development of right ventricular failure (RVF). ⋯ Further investigations are needed to find new therapeutic approaches for RVF. Current animal models and emerging concepts of translational RV research will be detailed in this review.
-
Semin Respir Crit Care Med · Oct 2013
Inflammatory Mechanisms in HIV-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and a leading major cause of death when present. HIV-PAH could be the consequence of multiple hits including the direct effects of HIV proteins, use of illicit drugs, and chronic inflammation. Indeed, HIV infection has long been identified as an immunosuppressive disease but, since the advent of highly active antiretroviral treatments (HAART), HIV infection is considered as an inflammatory disease in which vascular complications have become a major cause of morbidity and death. ⋯ Conversely to blood CD4 + T cells, gut CD4 + T cells are only partially restored with HAART, usually slowly after several months or years, with a large heterogeneity from one patient to another. These characteristics may cause chronic inflammation, and we hypothesize that PAH may occur because of this inflammatory component despite HAART, even with apparently good response to therapy (i.e., blood CD4 + T cell normalization and undetectable HIV load). Inflammation theory in HIV-PAH (as in other forms of PAH) could open new treatment options.