Medical oncology
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Induction of specific anti-tumor immunity by active immunization has been the aim of researchers for decades. However, a generally applicable successful immunization strategy that could be used in the clinic has not yet been devised. ⋯ If these antigens are to perform optimally at immunization, there is a need for proper adjuvants. This article focuses on one adjuvant, the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the possible application of this molecule to active specific immunotherapy.
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Review Comparative Study
Curable and non-curable malignancies: lessons from paediatric cancer.
The tremendous progress achieved in understanding the molecular basis of cancer, was unfortunately not followed by a mutual improvement in the morbidity and mortality of adult cancer. In contrast, the success rate achieved in paediatric oncology has increased significantly during the past 30 years, and more than two-thirds of the children with cancer can now be cured. p53 has been shown to have a central role on apoptosis in various cells. As apoptosis is a final common pathway for much of our anti cancer therapy, resistance to apoptosis due to a normal activity of p53 is an important mechanism of tumor resistance and treatment failure. ⋯ Genomic instability evidenced by microsatellite variation has been found in colon, pancreas, breast, liver and ovarian adult tumors, and not in paediatric tumors. As multiple somatic mutations are needed for the initiation and progression of the common adult malignancies, inherent genomic instability can dispose to accumulation of multiple mutations. All these molecular interactions are discussed with relevance to the difference between non-curable, mostly adult tumors, and curable, mostly paediatric tumors.