American journal of therapeutics
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Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is increased in patients with heart failure (HF). Its actions are linked to free water reabsorption (V2-) and arteriolar vasoconstriction (V1a receptor). AVP can exacerbate the cardiorenal syndrome with excess fluid retention and afterload increase. ⋯ In conclusion, it was demonstrated that in an acute HF model, CON lowered, whereas TOL increased afterload. The results suggest that dual V1a/V2 blockade in the acute HF setting could be beneficial compared with selective V2 blockade. Chronic experiments are needed to determine whether this finding can translate into a sustained clinical advantage.
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The natural history and optimal treatment for unruptured cerebral aneurysm and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains unknown. The prevalence of intracranial aneurysms is estimated to be between 1% and 5%. The annual risk of rupture for small aneurysms in the anterior circulation is low. ⋯ The annual risk of rupture of AVMs that did not present with hemorrhage is low at approximately 0.9% per year. Factors that increase the risk of rupture include hemorrhagic presentation, deep AVM location, or deep venous drainage associated with the AVM. The treatment options for AVM available include conservative management, microsurgery, endovascular treatment, radiosurgery, or a combination of methods.
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These retrospective analyses of daily mean pain scores from nine placebo-controlled trials of pregabalin at 150, 300, or 600 mg/day (pregabalin, n = 1205; placebo, n = 772) examined time to significant reduction of pain during the first 2 weeks of treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia. Time to onset of reduction in pain-defined as the first day for which patients treated with pregabalin had significant reductions (P < 0.05) in mean pain score compared with the placebo group for that day and the subsequent day-was calculated for all treatment groups demonstrating statistically significant reduction in pain at trial end point. The time to a 1-point or greater improvement in mean pain score was measured for each patient who was a responder at end point (30% or greater improvement in mean pain score). ⋯ Individual responder analysis confirmed that responders in the pregabalin groups reported a 1-point or greater pain reduction earlier than responders in placebo groups (P < 0.0001). However, this analysis is not a direct estimate of the likelihood that an individual patient would experience noticeable pain relief by the end of the second day. Overall, for patients who will respond to pregabalin, statistically significant and sustained reduction of pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and posttherapeutic neuralgia occurs early, usually by the end of 2 days of pregabalin treatment.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
A Phase IIIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study evaluating the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine for sedation during awake fiberoptic intubation.
GABA-mediated sedatives have respiratory depressant properties that may be detrimental in patients with difficult airways. In this randomized, double-blind, multicenter, Phase IIIb Food and Drug Administration study, safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine compared with placebo were evaluated as the primary sedative for awake fiberoptic intubation (AFOI). Patients were randomized to receive dexmedetomidine or saline. ⋯ Dexmedetomidine is effective as the primary sedative in patients undergoing AFOI. Some patients may require small supplemental doses of midazolam, in addition to dexmedetomidine, to achieve sufficient sedation for AFOI. Dexmedetomidine provides another AFOI option for sedation of patients with difficult airways.
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A review of the history, incidence, presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of propofol infusion syndrome.