American journal of therapeutics
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This article reviews certain aspects of venous thromboembolism, a major cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. Deep vein thrombosis is a frequent complication of various surgical procedures. Knowing predisposing factors, including hereditary causes, and triggering risk factors will help us identify patients with high risk of venous thromboembolism. ⋯ However, those readers who want to adopt the American College of Chest Physicians' guidelines in their practices are urged to review in detail the pharmacology of the drugs used for thromboprophylaxis, relevant clinical studies, and case reports of spinal hematoma. Each patient might have different risks for thrombosis or bleeding and the potential for adverse consequences due to the prophylaxis. What is best for the group (the epidemiologic perspective) is not necessarily what is best for the individual patient (the clinical perspective).
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With the common use of ultrasound imaging by anesthesiologists, especially for peripheral nerve blocks, this article will review basic physics of ultrasound machine, use of ultrasound in regional anesthesia, review of recent reports in the literature, and the outcome data.
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Muscle relaxants are used in the perioperative period to aid in endotracheal intubation, facilitate surgical exposure, and in the critical care setting for prolonged relaxation. Until now, the only mechanism to reverse their effect is acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that result in excess parasympathetic activity and require a second drug to prevent this side effect. ⋯ It quickly, effectively, and safely reverses steroidal neuromuscular blockers by encapsulating the muscle relaxant and rendering it inactive. Sugammadex may be considered the ideal reversal agent and the first drug in its class, which will likely change the practice of anesthesia and clinical neuromuscular pharmacology.
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Continuous spinal anesthesia (CSA) is an underutilized technique in modern anesthesia practice. Compared with other techniques of neuraxial anesthesia, CSA allows incremental dosing of an intrathecal local anesthetic for an indefinite duration, whereas traditional single-shot spinal anesthesia usually involves larger doses, a finite, unpredictable duration, and greater potential for detrimental hemodynamic effects including hypotension, and epidural anesthesia via a catheter may produce lesser motor block and suboptimal anesthesia in sacral nerve root distributions. This review compares CSA with other anesthetic techniques and also describes the history of CSA, its clinical applications, concerns regarding neurotoxicity, and other pharmacologic implications of its use. ⋯ CSA is an underutilized technique in modern anesthesia practice. Perhaps more accurately termed fractional spinal anesthesia, CSA involves intermittent dosing of local anesthetic solution via an intrathecal catheter. Where traditional spinal anesthesia involves a single injection with a somewhat unpredictable spread and duration of effect, CSA allows titration of the block level to the patient's needs, permits a spinal block of indefinite duration, and can provide greater hemodynamic stability than single-injection spinal anesthesia.