American journal of therapeutics
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Occlusion of lower extremity vascular bypass grafts results in acute limb-threatening ischemia. The underlying cause of graft failure generally is distal anastomosis stenosis, and relief of culprit stenosis is a required to maintain long-term patency. Of the three thrombolytic agents used for prolonged infusion to accomplish fibrinolysis, streptokinase was the first to be used and is limited owing to the antigenicity that precludes repeated use. ⋯ One patient underwent amputation owing to unsuccessful thrombolysis. No major bleeding or vascular complications occurred. We conclude that intra-arterial thrombolysis using rt-PA is a safe and effective therapy for patients with thrombotic occlusion of synthetic lower extremity bypass grafts presenting with acute limb-threatening ischemia and allows a high rate of secondary patency, avoiding amputation.
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Emergency department (ED)-based observation units are becoming increasingly used for the assessment and treatment of patients who may not require inpatient management or monitoring. This is a retrospective study of 5,714 patients seen in an ED observation unit from October 16, 1996 through July 12, 2000. Of the 5,714 patients seen in the observation unit, 4,191 were discharged and 1,314 were admitted. ⋯ Pediatric patients had the shortest stay, averaging only 11.2 hours, although adult and geriatric patients averaged 15.1 hours and 15.4 hours, respectfully. The ED-based observation unit can be of great value to patient care. Although not a substitute for an inpatient unit, it is meant to be a convenient location from which to observe patients who exhibit questionable admitting criteria.
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Of the 62 million common colds requiring medical attention in the United States each year, more than 80% affect school-aged children. Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges (Cold-Eeze) in reducing cold duration. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges in reducing the duration and severity of colds in school-aged subjects and to identify the benefits of prophylactic administration of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges in reducing the occurrence of colds. ⋯ Prophylaxis also significantly reduced the median number of colds per year (0.0 versus 1.3; P < 0.001) and concomitant antibiotic use to manage colds (4.1% versus 36.2%; P < 0.0001). Therapy with zinc gluconate glycine lozenges significantly reduced cold duration and antibiotic use in school-aged subjects. Prophylactic administration also significantly decreased cold frequency.
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In general, transfusion guidelines for non-neonatal pediatric patients are similar to those for adults. However, some differences do exist and certain precautions may be necessary particularly in the setting of massive transfusions. ⋯ We include a discussion of the indications for transfusion and practical considerations such as dosing and administration. Finally, we briefly review the use of directed donations and specialized (irradiated, CMV seronegative) blood components.
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This review article discusses the development and implementation of a number of blood substitutes, including hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and perfluorocarbons. This review article will introduce the reader to blood substitutes by discussing an overview of an ideal blood substitute, the history of HBOCs and perfluorocarbons, strategies of oxygen carrying, side effects of HBOCs and perfluorocarbons, current clinical trials, and the future of blood substitutes.