European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine
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This study presents an analysis of clinical data of the circumstances and outcome of paediatric (0-16 years) out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (p-OHCA) in Belgium. ⋯ p-OHCA remains rare. Typically, Belgian MUGs each encounter less than two p-OHCA yearly, thus inducing a risk of being insufficiently prepared. Compared with other countries, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was not started in more cases. Even so, in many other cases, children were transported from scene to be proclaimed 'dead' very soon after, pointing to a practice of 'slow code'. This study provides 'real-life' data on p-OHCA in Belgium. As it is based on an administrative registry, it lacks information on individual cases. Large population-based registries are needed to further guide our decision making.
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Comparative Study
Camera-based measurement of respiratory rates is reliable.
Respiratory rate (RR) is one of the most important vital signs used to detect whether a patient is in critical condition. It is part of many risk scores and its measurement is essential for triage of patients in emergency departments. It is often not recorded as measurement is cumbersome and time-consuming. We intended to evaluate the accuracy of camera-based measurements as an alternative measurement to the current practice of manual counting. ⋯ In our pilot study, we found that camera-based measurements delivered accurate and reliable results. Future studies need to show that camera-based measurements are a secure alternative for measuring RRs in clinical settings as well.
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Multicenter Study
Applying the Ottawa subarachnoid haemorrhage rule on a cohort of emergency department patients with headache.
The Ottawa subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) rule suggests that alert patients older than 15 years with a severe nontraumatic headache reaching maximum intensity within 1 h and absence of high-risk variables effectively have a SAH ruled out. We aimed to determine the proportion of emergency department (ED) patients with any headache fulfilling the entry criteria for the Ottawa SAH rule. ⋯ In this descriptive observational study, the majority of ED patients presenting with a headache did not fulfil the entry criteria for the Ottawa SAH rule. Less than 5% of the patients in this cohort could have SAH excluded on the basis of the rule. More definitive studies are needed to determine an accepted benchmark for the proportion of patients receiving further work-up (computed tomographic brain) after fulfilling the entry criteria for the Ottawa SAH rule.
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Rigid cervical collars are known to increase intracranial pressure (ICP) in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Cerebral blood flow might decrease according to the Kellie Monroe doctrine. For this reason, the use of the collar in patients with severe TBI has been abandoned from several trauma protocols in the Netherlands. There is no evidence on the effect of a rigid collar on ICP in patients with mild or moderate TBI or indeed patients with no TBI. As a first step we tested the effect in healthy volunteers with normal ICPs and intact autoregulation of the brain. ⋯ We included 22 male and 23 female volunteers. In total 360 ONSD measurements were performed in these 45 volunteers. Application of a collar resulted in a significant increase in ONSD in both the left (β=0.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.05-0.07, P<0.001) and the right eye (β=0.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.00-0.02, P=0.027) CONCLUSION: Application of a rigid cervical collar significantly increases the ONSD in healthy volunteers with intact cerebral autoregulation. This suggests that ICP may increase after application of a collar. In healthy volunteers, this seems to be of minor importance. On the basis of our findings the effect of a collar on ONSD and ICP in patients with mild and moderate TBI needs to be determined.
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The majority of uncomplicated toddler fractures of the tibia (toddler's fractures) do not need an orthopaedic surgeon's intervention or follow-up. However, inexperienced emergency room physicians, general practitioners and orthopaedic trainees and surgeons understandably defer to a cautious approach of referral and subsequent frequent clinical and radiographic follow-up. An evidence-based pathway can help prevent this overtreatment, reduce unnecessary radiation exposure and decrease the financial burden on families and the healthcare system. ⋯ Toddler's fractures do not require routine orthopaedic surgeon assessment, intervention or follow-up. If diagnosed and managed correctly at initial presentation, patients with toddler's fractures may be discharged safely without the need for further clinician contact. We developed a toddler's fracture clinical care pathway to reduce unnecessary orthopaedic surgeon referral and clinical and radiographic follow-up, thereby decreasing radiation exposure and costs to families and the healthcare system without risking patient outcomes.