Disease-a-month : DM
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Disease-a-month : DM · Sep 2021
ReviewNecrotizing periodontal diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: A review.
Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients have depleted CD4 lymphocyte counts and are susceptible to a plethora of infections of bacterial, viral, and fungal etiology. In addition to a wide range of systemic manifestations, human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients also display several characteristic oral manifestations. Studies have shown a correlation between some of the oral manifestations and CD4 lymphocyte counts which in turn is an independent prognostic indicator. ⋯ To overcome any potential resistance, human immunodeficiency virus patients are prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy, wherein a combination of antiretroviral regimens are used. Studies have shown that in addition to controlling the viral activity, the treatment regimen, has a significant effect on the oral manifestations of the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The present paper highlights the effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on periodontal diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals.
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Disease-a-month : DM · Sep 2021
ReviewOro-facial opportunistic infections and related pathologies in HIV patients: A comprehensive review.
Among all the viral infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is considered as one of the most morbid infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The prime reason for the pathogenesis is the profound immunosuppression that leads to lethal opportunistic infections (OI), neurological disorders, unexpected malignancies and pathologies of the orofacial region. Patients with OI whose HIV status is unknown have shown a mortality rate higher than those with known HIV status. ⋯ These lesions not only indicate the HIV infection but also among the clinical manifestations, which often occur early in the course of disease. World Health Organization has also provided policies for treatment/prevention of oral lesions, strengthening the promotion and care of oral health in HIV/AIDS patients. The present review provides comprehensive information about orofacial OI in HIV/AIDS patients and emphasis was also given to the malignancies associated with EB and HTLV virus.
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Disease-a-month : DM · Sep 2021
Comparative StudyComparing the sub-gingival levels of Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Porphyromonas gingivalis in human immunodeficiency virus-1 seropositive patients with and without antiretroviral therapy.
The effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the oral pathogenic microbes in human immunodeficiency virus-1 seropositive patients remains relatively unexplored. Thus, the present study assessed the effect of ART on the sub-gingival levels of 3 pathogenic microbes. ⋯ ART did not cause any significant reduction in the sub-gingival levels of any of the 3 examined microbes. Given the lack of any significant effect on the sub-gingival microbial loads by the ART, human immunodeficiency virus patients may require additional anti-microbial agents and regular mechanical plaque removal to maintain their periodontal status.
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Disease-a-month : DM · Sep 2021
Comparative StudyComparison of salivary total protein and electrolyte profile in HIV patients with and without antiretroviral therapy.
Saliva provides a primary defense mechanism against several infectious diseases through its numerous immunological and non-immunological factors. Alteration in the composition of saliva often compromises its defense mechanisms, predisposing the oral cavity to disease entities. HIV patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) have shown to exhibit altered salivary composition. These changes are postulated to be a result of the effect of ART on the salivary protein and electrolytes levels. ⋯ HIV positive individuals with and without ART have alteration in the salivary composition. Some of these alterations (total protein and iCa levels) are due to the HIV infection, while others (Na, K, Cl) could be due to ART or a combined effect of both. Salivary changes in HIV positive individuals could predispose them to oral diseases. Thus, regular oral examination and prophylactic regimen must be formulated to maintain their oral hygiene and quality of life.
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Diabetes mellitus is the most common abnormal carbohydrate metabolism disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of ß-cell destruction or dysfunction by both genetic and environmental factors. Over time chronic hyperglycemia leads to microvascular (i.e., retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (i.e., ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease) complications of diabetes. ⋯ Diabetes education must be individualized depending on the individual's age, education, family dynamics, and support. In this article, we review the history of diabetes, etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children as well as adolescents. We then focus on diabetes management with education methods and materials.