Current opinion in critical care
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We will highlight the role of ventriculoarterial coupling in the pathophysiology of sepsis and how to assess it. ⋯ Ventriculoarterial coupling is quantified as the ratio of Ea to Ees. The efficiency of the cardiovascular function is optimal when Ea/Ees is near one. When the hydraulic load of the arterial system is excessive either from increased vasomotor tone, decreased LV contractility or both, Ea/Ees becomes greater than 1 (i.e. ventriculoarterial decoupling), and cardiac efficiency decreases leading to heart failure, loss of volume responsiveness, and if sustained, increased mortality. Noninvasive echocardiographic techniques when linked with arterial pressure monitoring allow for the bedside estimates of both Ea and Ees. Studies using this approach have documented the key role ventriculoarterial coupling has defining initial cardiovascular state, response to therapy and outcome from critical illness. Sequential monitoring of ventriculoarterial coupling at the bedside offers a unique opportunity to assess relevant cardiovascular determinants in septic patients requiring resuscitation.
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The current review will give an overview of different possibilities to monitor quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) from a physiologic and a process point of view and how these two approaches can/should overlap. ⋯ To perform high-quality CPR, at first, one should optimize rate, depth and pause duration supported by process monitoring tools. Second, the evolving technological evolution gives opportunities to measure physiologic parameters in real-time which will open the way for patient-tailored CPR. The role of ultrasound, cerebral saturation and end-tidal CO2 in measuring the quality of CPR needs to be further investigated as well as the possible ways of influencing these measured parameters to improve neurological outcome and survival.
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To appraise the basic and more advanced methods available for hemodynamic monitoring, and describe the definitions and criteria for the use of hemodynamic variables. ⋯ Determination of accurate diagnosis and prognosis for patients suspected of circulatory shock is essential for optimal decision-making. Numerous techniques are available, and each has its specific indications and value.
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Despite restoration of adequate systemic blood flow in patients with shock, single organs may remain hypoperfused. In this review, we summarize the results of a literature research on methods to monitor single organ perfusion in shock. We focused on methods to measure heart, brain, kidney, and/or visceral organ perfusion. Furthermore, only methods that can be used in real-time and at the bedside were included. ⋯ Physical examination techniques have a reasonable negative predictive value to exclude single organ hypoperfusion but are nonspecific to detect it. Technical methods to indirectly measure myocardial perfusion include ECG and echocardiography. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can quantify myocardial perfusion but has so far only been used to detect regional myocardial hypoperfusion. Near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler sonography can be used to assess cerebral perfusion and determine autoregulation thresholds of the brain. Both Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound techniques are novel methods to evaluate renal and visceral organ perfusion. A key limitation of most techniques is the inability to determine adequacy of organ blood flow to meet the organs' metabolic demands.
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Curr Opin Crit Care · Jun 2020
ReviewExtracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest.
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is a contemporary resuscitation approach that employs veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). This approach is increasingly used worldwide to mitigate the widespread hemodynamic and multiorgan dysfunction that accompanies cardiac arrest. ⋯ ECPR offers a promising mechanism to mitigate multiorgan injury and allow time for the institution of supportive interventions required to effectively treat cardiac arrest. More prospective data in the context of extensive prehospital and hospital collaboration is needed to promote its successful use.