Annals of surgery
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To identify the critical nontechnical skills (NTS) required for high performance in variable-resource contexts (VRC). ⋯ This is the first description of the critical nontechnical skills, and associated example behaviors, used by surgeons in a VRC to overcome common challenges to safe and effective surgical patient care. Improvements in the NTS used by surgeons operating in VRCs have the potential to improve surgical care delivery worldwide.