Brain research
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Our recent magnetoencephalography study demonstrated that the mu rhythm can reliably indicate sensorimotor resonance during the perception of pain in others (Cheng, Y., Yang, C. Y., Lin, C. P., Lee, P. ⋯ Further, the mu suppression for pain empathy was positively correlated with the scoring on the personal distress subscale of the interpersonal reactivity index only in the female participants. The present findings suggest the existence of a gender difference in pain empathy in relation with the sensorimotor cortex resonance. The mu rhythm can be a potential biomarker of empathic mimicry.
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Secondary brain damage plays a critical role in the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The multiple mechanisms underlying secondary brain damage, including posttraumatic cerebral ischemia, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, calcium overload and inflammation, are associated with increased mortality and morbidity after head injury. TBI is documented to have detrimental effects on mitochondria, such as alterations in glucose utilization and the depression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ⋯ The differences may indicate the degree of metabolic and physiologic dysfunction. Our results will better define the roles of gene expression and metabolic function in long-term prognosis and outcome after TBI. With a considerable understanding of post-injury mitochondrial dysfunction, therapeutic interventions targeted to the mitochondria may prevent secondary brain damage that leads to long-term cell death and neurobehavioral disability.
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Rehabilitation improves recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. In some cases, brain damage is attenuated. In this study, we tested whether environmental enrichment (EE) combined with skilled reach training improves recovery and lessens brain injury after ICH in rats. ⋯ Unexpectedly, REHAB treatment lessened spontaneous use of the contralateral-to-ICH limb at 4 (p=0.045) and 6 weeks (p=0.041). In summary, the combination of EE and reach training significantly attenuates lesion volume (striatal injury) while improving skilled reaching and walking ability. These findings encourage the use of early rehabilitation therapies in patients suffering from basal ganglia hemorrhaging.
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A subset of German function verbs can be used either in a full, concrete, 'heavy' ("take a computer") or in a more metaphorical, abstract or 'light' meaning ("take a shower", no actual 'taking' involved). The present magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study explored whether this subset of 'light' verbs is represented in distinct cortical processes. A random sequence of German 'heavy', 'light', and pseudo verbs was visually presented in three runs to 22 native German speakers, who performed lexical decision task on real versus pseudo verbs. ⋯ Thus, 'heavy' versus 'light readings' of verbs already modulate early posterior visual evoked response even when verbs are presented in isolation. This response becomes clearer in the disambiguating contextual condition. This type of study shows for the first time that language processing is sensitive to representational differences between two readings of one and the same verb stem.
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Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors are critical to nociceptive processing. Understanding how these receptors are modulated gives insight to potential therapies for pain. We demonstrate using double labeling immunohistochemistry that Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are co-expressed with TRPV1 on rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. ⋯ The data indicate that group II mGluRs and TRPV1 receptors are co-expressed on peripheral nociceptors and activation of mGluRs can inhibit painful sensory transmission following TRPV1 activation. The data are consistent with group II and TRPV1 receptors being linked intracellularly by the cAMP/PKA pathway. Peripheral group II mGluRs are important targets for drug discovery in controlling TRPV1-induced nociception.