International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
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Int. J. Infect. Dis. · Dec 2014
Observational StudyMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) viral shedding in the respiratory tract: an observational analysis with infection control implications.
Since the first description of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), it has not been known how long patients shed the virus in respiratory secretions. Thus, we analyzed the available data on time to negative MERS-CoV test in patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection and asymptomatic positive contacts. ⋯ Contacts cleared MERS-CoV earlier than ill patients. This finding could be related to the types of sample as well as the types of patient studied. More ill patients with significant comorbidities shed the virus for a significantly longer time. The results of this study could have critical implications for infection control guidance and its application in healthcare facilities handling positive cases.
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Int. J. Infect. Dis. · Dec 2014
Overt and occult hepatitis B virus infection in adult Sudanese HIV patients.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Sub-Saharan Africa is complicated by co-infection with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), which share similar transmission routes. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and HBsAg-negative HBV infection and of HCV infection among HIV-infected patients. ⋯ Evidence of HBV infection was detected in 26.8% of HIV patients with HBsAg-negative infection, with viraemia detected in 15.1% of the patients. All HIV-infected patients should be screened carefully for HBV infection with HBsAg and anti-HBc IgG antibodies prior to starting antiretroviral therapy.
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Int. J. Infect. Dis. · Dec 2014
Observational StudySeverity and frequency of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection on an Australian tertiary referral hospital campus.
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasingly being found in populations without traditional risk factors. We compared the relative frequency, risk factors, severity, and outcomes of community-onset CDI with hospital-acquired infection. ⋯ Community-onset CDI accounts for a large proportion of C. difficile infections and has a similar potential for severe disease as hospital-acquired infection. Using a history of previous antibiotic use, proton pump inhibitor use, or recent hospitalization to predict cases is unreliable. We recommend that patients with diarrhoea being investigated in emergency departments and community practice are tested for Clostridium difficile infection.
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Int. J. Infect. Dis. · Dec 2014
Revisiting leishmaniasis in the time of war: the Syrian conflict and the Lebanese outbreak.
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, endemic in many worldwide foci including the Middle East. Several outbreaks have occurred in the Middle East over the past decades, mostly related to war-associated population migration. With the start of the Syrian war, the frequency and magnitude of these outbreaks increased alarmingly. We describe the epidemiology of Leishmania infection in Lebanon and the most recent outbreak relevant to the Syrian war. ⋯ This new outbreak of leishmaniasis in Lebanon is the first of its kind for more than a decade. The sudden increase in Leishmania cases in Lebanon in 2013 is attributed to the increasing numbers and wide distribution of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. This serves as an example of the risks associated with military conflicts and the ability of communicable diseases to cross borders.
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We are not ready for a global pandemic of Ebola virus. The current West African epidemic should serve as a dire warning of things to come.