Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors
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Determining appropriate disposition for referred pediatric patients is difficult, since it relies primarily on a telephone description of the patient. In this study, we evaluate the Transport Risk Assessment in Pediatrics (TRAP) score's ability to assist in appropriate placement of these patients. This novel tool is derived from physiologic variables. ⋯ The TRAP score is a novel objective pediatric transport assessment tool where an elevated score is associated with PICU admission for more than 24 hours. This score may assist with the triage decisions for transported pediatric patients.
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Case Reports
Laryngospasm and hypoxia after intramuscular administration of ketamine to a patient in excited delirium.
An advanced life support emergency medical services (EMS) unit was dispatched with law enforcement to a report of a male patient with a possible overdose and psychiatric emergency. Police restrained the patient and cleared EMS into the scene. The patient was identified as having excited delirium, and ketamine was administered intramuscularly. ⋯ At this point the airway was secured with an endotracheal tube. The patient was uneventfully extubated several hours later. This is the first report of laryngospam and hypoxia associated with prehospital administration of intramuscular ketamine to a patient with excited delirium.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a serious subset of injuries among persons in the United States, and prehospital care of these injuries can mitigate both the morbidity and the mortality in patients who suffer from these injuries. Guidelines for triage of injured patients have been set forth by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT) in cooperation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These guidelines include physiologic criteria, such as the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate, which should be used in determining triage of an injured patient. ⋯ These findings support the validity of the ACS-COT/CDC physiologic criteria in this population and stress the importance of prehospital triage of patients with TBI in the hopes of reducing both the morbidity and the mortality resulting from this injury.
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Case Reports
Paramedic-performed digital nerve block to facilitate field reduction of a dislocated finger.
This short report describes the use of digital nerve block by a paramedic to facilitate the reduction of a dislocated finger in the prehospital setting. The finger was successfully reduced at the scene without requiring administration of parenteral opioids. ⋯ Paramedic-performed local and regional anesthesia has not been previously described in the emergency medicine or emergency medical services literature. With appropriate training, prehospital digital nerve blocks may be a feasible option to supplement existing paramedic analgesic options.
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Specially trained tactical emergency medical support (TEMS) personnel provide support to law enforcement special weapons and tactics (SWAT) teams. These programs benefit law enforcement agencies, officers, suspects, and citizens. TEMS programs are increasingly popular, but there are wide variations in their organization and operation and no recent data on their prevalence. ⋯ Approximately one-third of county-based EMS systems in North Carolina have TEMS programs. These programs serve almost two-thirds of the state's population base, using primarily nonsworn tactical medics. Comparison with other regions of the country will be useful to demonstrate differences in prevalence and program characteristics. Serial surveillance will help track trends and measure the growth and impact of this growing subspecialty field.