Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors
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Objectives: Environmental cleanliness of emergency ambulances may be associated with increased risk of healthcare acquired infection (HAI). Surface cleanliness, measured using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing, has been demonstrated to correlate with potentially harmful levels of microbial pathogens. In most ambulance services, environmental cleanliness of ambulances and the equipment within them is the responsibility of paramedics. ⋯ Conclusion: The innovative MRM cleaning system was associated with significantly improved cleanliness in frontline emergency ambulances. The magnitude of improvement in cleanliness suggests this cleaning model has the potential to make a major contribution to infection control strategies in paramedicine. Future research should focus on cost effectiveness of the MRM and its applicability to regional and remote ambulance service operations.
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Objective: Needle thoracostomy (NT) can be a life-saving procedure when used to treat tension pneumothorax. However, there is some question regarding the efficacy of NT in the prehospital setting. Failure to treat tension pneumothorax in a helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) setting may prove especially deleterious to the patient due to gas expansion with increasing altitude. ⋯ Conclusions: Only a small portion of patients in the setting of a Canadian HEMS service were treated with NT. Patients most likely to receive NT were males who had suffered blunt trauma. NT may have questionable benefit for patients presenting with blunt trauma, in cardiac arrest, or requiring bilateral NT.
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Observational Study
Prehospital Evaluation of the FAST-ED as a Secondary Stroke Screen to Identify Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes.
Introduction: The Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination (FAST-ED) was developed to identify Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes (LVOS) presenting out of hospital, although there is limited prospective research validating its use in this setting. This study evaluated the test characteristics of the FAST-ED to identify LVOS when used as a secondary stroke screen in the prehospital environment. Secondary analysis compared the performance of the CPSS and the FAST-ED in identifying an LVOS. ⋯ When comparing a FAST-ED ≥4 to a CPSS of all positive items, there was no significant difference in sensitivity (p > 0.05), and the FAST-ED had a significantly lower specificity than the CPSS (p < 0.005). Conclusion: As stroke care advances, EMS agencies must consider their destination triage needs. This study suggests agencies must consider the use of single versus secondary scales, and to determine the ideal sensitivity and specificity for their system.
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Background and purposes: Stroke severity scales may expedite prehospital large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke detection, but few are validated for paramedic use. We evaluated the feasibility of introducing the Cincinnati Stroke Triage Assessment Tool (C-STAT) in the field and its capacity to detect LVO stroke. Methods: We performed a prospective paramedic-based study assessing C-STAT in the field on patients currently redirected to two comprehensive stroke centers (CSC), based on a Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS) score of 3/3. ⋯ In a cohort of 100 patients with CPSS 3/3, requiring a positive C-STAT for redirection would decrease CSC patient volume by 37 but miss 9 of 36 LVO strokes. Conclusion: Prehospital administration of the C-STAT was feasible, using a model of minimal paramedic training and real-time telephone guidance. A protocol based on both a CPSS 3/3 and a positive C-STAT would decrease CSC redirected patient volume by one-third but would miss one-quarter of LVO strokes when compared to a CPSS-based protocol.