British journal of anaesthesia
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Psychomimetic reactions after low-dose ketamine infusion. Comparison with neuroleptanaesthesia.
Low-dose ketamine anaesthesia was compared with neuroleptanaesthesia, in respect of immediate and longer-term psychomimetic reactions, in 40 female patients undergoing elective gynaecological surgery. Qualitatively, but not quantitatively, different psychomimetic reactions occurred in both groups. ⋯ Interviews after 3 months revealed a low frequency of psychomimetic reactions in both groups. However, 30% of all the patients (12) complained of impairment of intellectual function, and in seven patients this was severe enough to interfere with their ability to work.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Sedation for fibreoptic gastroscopy: a comparative study of midazolam and diazepam.
Midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, was compared with diazepam in fat emulsion (Diazemuls) as sedation for outpatient gastroscopy in a randomized double-blind fashion. Midazolam 0.05 mg kg-1 was found to be approximately equipotent to Diazemuls 0.15 mg kg-1. There were no differences concerning speed of recovery and all patients were considered ready for discharge after 2 h. ⋯ With the same degree of sedation, midazolam produced a higher frequency of amnesia (60% v. 7%; P less than 0.001) for the endoscopic procedure. Although the patients appeared to prefer midazolam to Diazemuls, this difference was significant only in patients who had not previously undergone gastroscopy (P less than 0.05). The high degree of amnesia with midazolam may be an advantage in sedation for unpleasant procedures like gastroscopy.
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This article reviews the actions of general anaesthetics on synapses in the mammalian central nervous system. It is shown that during general anaesthesia, anaesthetics act primarily on the chemical transmission process itself and do not affect the conduction of impulses in nerve axons or change the electrical excitability of neurones. ⋯ In addition to these effects on the neurosecretory process, anaesthetics directly affect the sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors to transmitter substances, although the effects vary between anaesthetics and receptors. It is concluded that general anaesthesia results from a summation of a number of effects which together tend to depress the excitability of the CNS as a whole.