The British journal of nutrition
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The treatment of the metabolic syndrome aims to improve insulin sensitivity and correct/prevent the associated metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities. Since many individuals with the metabolic syndrome are overweight, dietary treatment should be primarily focused on weight reduction. This approach can improve insulin sensitivity and exert beneficial effects on all the other abnormalities clustering in the syndrome. ⋯ In conclusion, weight reduction is a powerful measure for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the diet for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome should be limited in the intake of saturated fat, while high fibre/low-glycaemic-index foods should be used without specific limitations. Moderate amounts of monounsaturated fat could be permitted as they do not induce detrimental metabolic effects.
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Obesity, especially visceral adiposity, is a major determinant of the development of type 2 diabetes. Both visceral adiposity and insulin resistance are strongly related to cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. One of the areas where the correlation between visceral fat (upper body adiposity) and cardiovascular risk is most apparent is the prediabetic state. We have recently shown that only prediabetic subjects (those who later develop type 2 diabetes) who are insulin resistant and with upper body adiposity have increased triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol and high blood pressure.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Postprandial lipoprotein, glucose and insulin responses after two consecutive meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without glucose at the first meal.
There is increasing evidence that the degree of postprandial lipaemia may be of importance in the development of atherosclerosis and IHD. Postprandial lipid, lipoprotein, glucose, insulin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were investigated in eleven healthy young males after randomized ingestion of meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without a glucose drink. On six occasions each subject consumed consecutive meals (separated by 1.75 h) containing 70 g (15 g and 55 g respectively) of each oil. ⋯ The NEFA and triacylglycerol concentrations at 1.5 h were reduced when 50 g glucose was taken with the first meal (ANOVA, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05 respectively), regardless of meal fatty acid composition. In conclusion, the consumption of glucose with a mixed meal containing either rapeseed, sunflower or palm oil influenced the immediate triacylglycerol and NEFA responses compared with the same meal without glucose, whereas no significant effect on postprandial lipaemia after a subsequent meal was observed. The fatty acid composition of the meal did not significantly affect the lipid and lipoprotein responses, whereas an effect on insulin responses was observed.
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Presently, no national dietary guidelines--neither food- nor nutrient-based--exist for Austria. Usually, the recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition are used instead. The determination of national characteristics of nutritional behaviour and food consumption can reveal starting-points for the improvement of nutritional status in Austria. ⋯ The mean intakes of fruits are clearly higher in children and adolescents (10% of total food intake) than in adults (2-6%). Differences in the intake of selected nutrients in foods between low and high fat consumers, unexpectedly, did not result in different plasma concentrations of cholesterol, nor did it result in differences in fat soluble vitamins. Therefore, one of the primary dietary guidelines for Austria should be the reduction of fat consumption, which is also associated with increasing intakes of fruits and vegetables, increasing intakes of dietary fibre and decreasing intakes of cholesterol.