European journal of pain : EJP
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The purpose of the study was to examine the trends in opioid consumption in the five Nordic countries between 2002 and 2006 and to explore possible explanations for changes in the quality and quantity of opioids consumed. ⋯ Consumption of opioid analgesics in the Nordic countries showed changes over the five year period that cannot be explained by pharmacology, price, reimbursement or prescription regulations. Marketing has most likely significantly influenced the type and amount of opioids consumed.
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The aim was to study the introduction of the new low dose transdermal buprenorphine (LD-TD-BUP) in Norway, particularly with regard to former use and co-medication with other potentially addictive drugs. The nationwide Norwegian Prescription Database contains information on all prescription drugs dispensed to individual non-institutionalised patients, and we may follow all individuals who received LD-TD-BUP (Norspan) after marketing on the Norwegian market on 15/11/05. We studied all prescriptions of opioids and other potentially addictive drugs to patients receiving at least two LD-TD-BUP prescriptions during 2004-2006. ⋯ Of the LD-TD-BUP users who received more than one prescription, 60% co-medicated with at least one other potentially addictive drug, and 24% with at least two. In the multivariate analysis, the variables associated with a higher likelihood of using co-medicated drugs were: previous use of benzodiazepines/carisoprodol relative risk RR=16.7 (95% CI 10.4-26.9), previous use of opioids RR=4.0 (1.9-8.7) and younger age 20-40 years RR=1.9 (1.6-2.3). So far, it is questionable whether the introduction of LD-TD-BUP actually has stabilised opioids consumption or whether it has complicated and increased the consumption of potentially addictive drugs.
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To enhance the awareness that biased pain estimation may undermine its treatment, we sought to determine the congruence categories (CCs) between inpatient self-reported pain (PSRP) and nurse pain-evaluation (NEP) and to look for associations between CCs and inpatient and situational moderators. ⋯ PSRP-NEP congruence was limited while CCs were associated with PSRP, inpatient and situational moderators. Further prospective studies are needed to verify generalization and whether the studied moderators operate through patient stereotyping mechanisms. Awareness of the influence of such mechanisms on pain evaluation may ameliorate pain assessment.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between goal frustration, coping and well-being in the context of adolescent headache. Firstly, we investigated whether adolescents with weekly, monthly or no headache complaints differed with regard to the importance assigned to their personal goals, experience of goal frustration, coping with goal frustration and well-being. Secondly, the extent to which goal and coping factors contributed to well-being and whether this relationship differed according to the frequency of headache complaints was examined. ⋯ After controlling for individual and headache characteristics, frustration of self acceptance and health goals, and the use of self blame, rumination and other blame were consistently related to lower well-being. Moreover, interactions with headache group indicated that for adolescents with weekly headache, greater frustration of school and self acceptance goals and a lower importance assigned to health goals was more detrimental to well-being than for those with no headache complaints. We conclude that frustration to goal pursuit and strategies for coping with this frustration are important factors in adolescent well-being and may offer important targets for intervention.
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This study investigated attentional biases for linguistic pain-related stimuli in individuals suffering from chronic headaches and healthy controls. Attentional bias was assessed using a visual probe (also reported as dot probe in previous investigations) task which presented pain-related (sensory and affective) and neutral words at two exposure duration conditions, 500 and 1250 ms. ⋯ No significant differences between groups were found in attentional bias scores at the shorter stimulus duration of 500 ms, which instead correlated significantly with trait anxiety. Results are discussed in relation to research into pain-related and anxiety-related biases in initial orienting and maintained attention.