Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society
-
Objectives. To evaluate the long-term results of different therapies for failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Materials and Methods. ⋯ Conclusions. Medical therapy is effective for leg and back pain; nevertheless, several courses of therapy may be necessary. SCS is an effective treatment for leg pain, however, its effectiveness on back pain appears to be inadequate.
-
Objective. Sensory feedback extracted from muscle afferents is an approach to achieve closed-loop control of paralyzed muscles using functional electrical stimulation (FES). The objective of the present study was to characterize the effect of agonist-antagonist electrical stimulation on nerve cuff recordings of muscle afferent activity. ⋯ It was suggested that the increased background activity could be attributed to the increased activity of the Golgi tendon organs. Conclusions. Sensory information about joint flexion and joint extension are preserved in muscle afferent recordings from electrically activated muscles at low and intermediate stimulation levels, but it still has to be shown whether muscle afferent information can be useful as sensory feedback in FES control.