Regional anesthesia and pain medicine
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Reg Anesth Pain Med · Mar 2010
Safety of high volume lipid emulsion infusion: a first approximation of LD50 in rats.
Lipid infusion reverses systemic local anesthetic toxicity. The acceptable upper limit for lipid administration is unknown and has direct bearing on clinical management. We hypothesize that high volumes of lipid could have undesirable effects and sought to identify the dose required to kill 50% of the animals (LD(50)) of large volume lipid administration. ⋯ The LD(50) of rapid, high volume lipid infusion is an order of magnitude greater than doses typically used for lipid rescue in humans and supports the safety of lipid infusion at currently recommended doses for toxin-induced cardiac arrest. Lung and liver histopathology was observed at the highest infused volumes.
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Reg Anesth Pain Med · Mar 2010
Historical ArticleLocal anesthetic systemic toxicity: a historical perspective.
The most feared complication associated with the administration of local anesthetics is the profound and potentially lethal effect that these agents can have on cardiac conduction and function. This review traces the evolution of local anesthetic systemic toxicity beginning with the early deaths associated with the introduction of cocaine into clinical practice. The development of bupivacaine is discussed, with particular emphasis on the delayed recognition and acceptance of its inherent cardiotoxicity. Finally, the origins of lipid resuscitation are reviewed with respect to their theoretical foundation, as well as the confluence of events and experimental investigations that delivered this therapy into clinical practice.