Regional anesthesia and pain medicine
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Reg Anesth Pain Med · Sep 1999
Comparative StudyEffects of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine on tail-flick response and motor function in rats following epidural or intrathecal administration.
Commercially available bupivacaine is a racemic mixture of S (-)- and R(+)-enantiomers. Although the S(-)-enantiomers levobupivacaine and ropivacaine are less toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than bupivacaine, their relative efficacy has not been determined. This study directly compares the dose response of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine following epidural and intrathecal administration in the rat. ⋯ Levobupivacaine, given epidurally or intrathecally, produces longer lasting antinociceptive action than ropivacaine at equivalent concentrations and similar motor blocking effect at lower concentrations in both epidural and intrathecal administrations. Levobupivacaine-induced prolongation of the tail-flick latency is comparable to that of bupivacaine, as is motor blocking effect at higher concentrations. The possibility of significant differential block with levobupivacaine compared with bupivacaine warrants further study.
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Reg Anesth Pain Med · Sep 1999
Historical ArticleContinuous spinal anesthesia: a continuous history?
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Reg Anesth Pain Med · Sep 1999
Comment Letter Case ReportsAn entrapped epidural catheter in a postpartum patient.