Regional anesthesia and pain medicine
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Reg Anesth Pain Med · Jan 1998
Epidural pressures and spread of 2% lidocaine in the epidural space: influence of volume and speed of injection of the local anesthetic solution.
The impact of epidural pressures on the spread of epidural block is controversial. This study examined the effect of volume and speed of injection of local anesthetics on epidural pressures and the spread of anesthesia. ⋯ The peak epidural pressures correlated with the speed of injection of the lidocaine solution and not with its volume, whereas the remaining epidural pressures correlated with its volume and not with the speed of injection. The extent and duration of the thermal block exhibited a more consistent correlation (inverse and direct, respectively) with the epidural pressures than those of the sensory block.
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Reg Anesth Pain Med · Jan 1998
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial2-Chloroprocaine and bupivacaine are unreliable indicators of intravascular injection in the premedicated patient.
Epinephrine-containing test doses for detection of intravascular injection during epidural anesthesia may be unreliable or hazardous in beta-blocked, elderly, or pregnant patients. Subtoxic injections of lidocaine have been used as an alternative marker of intravascular injection in unpremedicated patients. We studied two groups of premedicated patients and unpremedicated subjects to evaluate the reliability of the local anesthetics bupivacaine (B) and 2-chloroprocaine (2-CP) as test dose injections. ⋯ While 90 mg 2-CP or 25 mg B may be reliable alternatives to epinephrine test doses in unpremedicated subjects, they are unreliable indicators of intravascular injection in the premedicated patient.