Sleep medicine reviews
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Circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis contribute to sleep phenotypes and sleep-wake disorders, some of the genetic determinants of which are emerging. Approximately 10% of the population are homozygous for the 5-repeat allele (PER3(5/5)) of a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in the clock gene PERIOD3 (PER3). We review recent data on the effects of this polymorphism on sleep-wake regulation. ⋯ These effects are most pronounced during the late circadian night/early morning hours, i.e., approximately 0-4h after the crest of the melatonin rhythm. We interpret the effects of the PER3 polymorphism within the context of a conceptual model in which higher homeostatic sleep pressure in PER3(5/5) through feedback onto the circadian pacemaker modulates the amplitude of diurnal variation in performance. These findings highlight the interrelatedness of circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis.
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Sleep medicine reviews · Apr 2010
ReviewThe value of auto-adjustable CPAP devices in pressure titration and treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
In moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), the use of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard therapy. In the last decade, new technologies such as auto-adjustable CPAP (APAP) have been promoted as having an added advantage over CPAP, because of their ability to adapt the pressure level to the patient's need at all times. This could logically result in the deliverance of lower pressures, which was hypothesized to improve patient acceptance and compliance for therapy. ⋯ Comparison of these trials is challenging, since APAP technology is evolving promptly and devices differ not only in how sleep-disordered breathing is detected, but also in how the operational algorithm responds accordingly. Although the question remains whether proof has yet been delivered of the superiority of this technology over CPAP, there is a tendency to accept it as common standard practice in OSAS titration and treatment. This review will bring available evidence on this subject into perspective.
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From a behavioral as well as neurobiological point of view, sleep and consciousness are intimately connected. A better understanding of sleep cycles and sleep architecture of patients suffering from disorders of consciousness (DOC) might therefore improve the clinical care for these patients as well as our understanding of the neural correlations of consciousness. Defining sleep in severely brain-injured patients is however problematic as both their electrophysiological and sleep patterns differ in many ways from healthy individuals. ⋯ The available literature on comatose and vegetative states as well as that on locked-in and related states following traumatic or non-traumatic severe brain injury will be reviewed. A wide spectrum of sleep disturbances ranging from almost normal patterns to severe loss and architecture disorganization are reported in cases of DOC and some patterns correlate with diagnosis and prognosis. At the present time the interactions of sleep and consciousness in brain-injured patients are a little studied subject but, the authors suggest, a potentially very interesting field of research.
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Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often have unrecognized sleep disorders at higher frequency than the general population. Sleep disorders such as sleep disordered breathing, insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder, narcolepsy and restless legs syndrome have all been reported in the MS population. ⋯ Sleep disorders may impact the quality of life of the MS patient population. This paper reviews the association of sleep disorders with MS, and discusses the association of sleep disruption with MS fatigue.
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During the last decade, several studies have shown that insomnia, rather than a symptom of depression, could be a medical condition on its own, showing high comorbidity with depression. Epidemiological research indicates that insomnia could lead to depression and/or that common causalities underlie the two disorders. ⋯ The effects of antidepressant drugs on non-REM and REM sleep are discussed in relation to their use in insomnia comorbid with depression. Empirical treatment approaches are behavioral management of sleep combined with prescription of a sedative antidepressant alone, co-prescription of two antidepressants, or of an antidepressant with a hypnotic drug.