Sleep medicine reviews
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Sleep medicine reviews · Dec 2018
ReviewTargeting volume overload and overnight rostral fluid shift: A new perspective to treat sleep apnea.
Sleep apnea is a common condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Continuous positive airway pressure and oral appliances are efficient for treating sleep apnea; however, they are often poorly tolerated. Therefore, alternative therapies are needed. ⋯ As a result of this observation, it has been suggested that the prevention of overnight fluid shift may reduce sleep apnea severity. It has recently been shown that interventions targeting fluid overload and daytime fluid accumulation in the legs consistently attenuate nocturnal fluid shift and sleep apnea, as greater reductions in fluid shift are correlated with greater reductions in sleep apnea severity. This review will focus on interventions that counteract fluid shift, such as diuretics, ultrafiltration/dialysis, physical activity, compression stockings and salt/fluid restriction, which have been shown to have efficacy in reducing sleep apnea severity.
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Sleep medicine reviews · Aug 2018
ReviewFeeling validated yet? A scoping review of the use of consumer-targeted wearable and mobile technology to measure and improve sleep.
The objectives of this review were to evaluate the use of consumer-targeted wearable and mobile sleep monitoring technology, identify gaps in the literature and determine the potential for use in behavioral interventions. We undertook a scoping review of studies conducted in adult populations using consumer-targeted wearable technology or mobile devices designed to measure and/or improve sleep. After screening for inclusion/exclusion criteria, data were extracted from the articles by two co-authors. ⋯ Few studies were used to identify sleep disorders (n = 2), evaluate response to interventions (n = 3) or deliver interventions (n = 5). In conclusion, the use of consumer-targeted wearable and mobile sleep monitoring technology has largely focused on validation of devices and applications compared with polysomnography (PSG) but opportunities exist for observational research and for delivery of behavioral interventions. Multidisciplinary research is needed to determine the uses of these technologies in interventions as well as the use in more diverse populations including sleep disorders and other patient populations.
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Due to its low rate of diagnosis, in the general population over half of those experiencing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are unaware that they have the condition. However, any acute medical event may exacerbate OSA and could have serious health consequences. In this context the management of the perioperative period, from anesthesia through the surgery itself and into the postoperative period, is more problematic for patients with sleep disordered breathing than for others. ⋯ In this present review we provide an overview of the different issues that practitioners face with regard to OSA, from the initial consultation with the anesthesiologist to the extended post-operative period. There is considerable evidence that OSA patients are at high risk of perioperative complications, though the inherent risks from OSA per se and its comorbidities remain difficult to discern. Nevertheless, appropriate screening and management allow clinicians to minimize OSA associated risk.
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Sleep medicine reviews · Jun 2018
ReviewSleep, sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation: Questions and answers.
Sleep apnea (SA) is a common sleep disorder increasingly recognized as a risk for cardiovascular disease. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. An increasing number of investigations in recent years have linked SA to AF. In this review, we aim to provide a critical overview of the existing evidence in a question and answer format by addressing the following: What is the prevalent association between the two conditions (separating nocturnally detected AF episodes from AF as a prevalent condition)? Is SA a risk factor for incident AF? Is SA a risk factor for recurrence of AF following cardioversion/catheter-based ablation? What is the association between SA and AF in patients with heart failure? Are there signature electrocardiographic markers of AF found in patients with SA? Are there electrophysiology-based studies supporting the link between SA and AF? What other sleep characteristics (beyond SA) are found in patients with AF? What is the impact of SA treatment on AF? What is the effect of AF treatment on sleep? Finally, we address unsolved questions and suggest future directions to enhance our understanding of the AF-SA relationship.
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Sleep medicine reviews · Apr 2018
Review Meta AnalysisCognitive deficits in obstructive sleep apnea: Insights from a meta-review and comparison with deficits observed in COPD, insomnia, and sleep deprivation.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a nocturnal breathing disorder that is associated with cognitive impairment. The primary determinants of cognitive deficits in OSA are thought to be sleep disruption and blood gas abnormalities. Cognitive impairment is also seen in other disorders that are characterised primarily by sleep disturbance (e.g., sleep restriction/deprivation, insomnia) or hypoxia/hypercarbia (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). ⋯ Both OSA and sleep deprivation studies were accompanied by deficits in attention and memory, suggesting that short-term sleep disturbance in OSA may contribute to deficits in these domains. Visuospatial deficits were unique to OSA, suggesting the contribution of a mechanism other than sleep disturbance and hypoxia/hypercarbia to this problem. Our findings suggest that the cognitive deficits associated with untreated OSA are multidimensional, with different physiological disturbances responsible for differing cognitive problems.