Adv Exp Med Biol
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The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in Florida waters have become more prominent following increased growth, declining groundwater supplies, and identification of impaired surface waters as future drinking water sources. Cyanobacterial toxins have been identified in source waters used for drinking water supply and in post-treated drinking water during algal bloom events. Algal toxin concentrations in post-treated drinking water have exceeded existing and proposed World Health Organization guidelines for the oral consumption of microcystin and cylindrospermopsin. ⋯ Epidemiological studies may also be required in Florida to assess potential human health risks due to algal toxin consumption at the tap and for those exposed to cyanotoxic blooms during recreational use of lakes, springs and rivers. Without adequate water treatment and coordinated state-wide monitoring efforts, it is anticipated that the likelihood for human exposure to cyanobacteria and their toxins will increase as Florida becomes more dependent upon surface waters to supply a growing population and an expanding urban environment. Coordination and communication between surface water managers and public health officials at the local level will be critical to the overall protection of the environment and public health during toxic cyanobacterial bloom events.
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Buprenorphine is relatively resistant to reversal by naloxone. We tested the effect of various doses and infusion schemes of naloxone on buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression and compared the data with naloxone-reversal of morphine and alfentanil-induced respiratory depression. ⋯ However, reversal was short-lived. The bell-shaped reversal curve may be related to the existence of two mu-opioid receptor subtypes, one mediating the agonist effects of opioids at low dose, the other mediating antagonistic effects at high dose.