J Am Acad Orthop Sur
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Perilunate injuries are severe disruptions of the carpus, which present a formidable challenge to the treating physician. Accurate recognition of the pattern of injury is not always straightforward. The injury can propagate through ligaments and/or bone, creating multiple variations of a basic injury pattern. ⋯ However, subsequent closed or open reduction is necessary to restore anatomic alignment of all injured structures. The outcome of perilunate injuries correlates with the adequacy of reduction. Complications such as chondrolysis, carpal instability, and traumatic arthritis can occur despite satisfactory treatment.
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J Am Acad Orthop Sur · Jan 1996
Clavicular Nonunion and Malunion: Evaluation and Surgical Management.
Nonunions and malunions of the clavicle are uncommon but can be disabling. Pain, limitation of shoulder mobility, or local compression of the brachial plexus can produce profound functional impairment. ⋯ Salvage procedures include excision of a bony prominence, partial or total clavicular resection, and resection of the first rib. While most patients with a malunited clavicular fracture are asymptomatic, osteotomy and correction of the deformity should be considered when there is associated functional or neurovascular impairment.