World Neurosurg
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Intracerebral hematomas (ICH) is a common disease in the developing countries, and minimally invasive transportal resection of ICH is a widely accepted surgical technique. Many port systems are available, but most are disposable and expensive. We present a safe and cost-effective glove-syringe substitute for endoscopic hematoma evacuation, suitable for developing countries such as China. ⋯ The glove-syringe port is a convenient, safe, and cost-effective tubular port system for endoscopic surgery of ICH. Such ports can be used as substitutes when commercial sleeves are unavailable, especially in rural areas and developing countries.
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Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that interacts with the receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) to suppress T-cell activation, reduce adjacent tissue damage, and promote tolerance to self-antigens. Tumors may express PD-L1 as a mechanism to evade immune detection. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of PD-L1/PD-1 antagonists through activation of tumor-infiltrated CD8+ T cells. The aim of this study was to determine the expression pattern of PD-L1 and PD-1 in olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) tumor cells and to determine the presence of PD-1+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the ONB immune microenvironment. ⋯ These data demonstrate that a proportion of ONB primary and metastatic tumors express PD-L1 and possess an associated tumor and stromal infiltrate of PD-1+ and CD8+ lymphocytes.
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Case Reports
SHH-activated Large cell/Anaplastic medulloblastoma with myogenic differentiation - case report.
Medulloblastoma (MB) with myogenic differentiation is a rare histologic variant. ⋯ The case is being reported to document this rare variant of MB that had myogenic differentiation. Molecular characterization of this variant has been analyzed in few cases so far.
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Dermoid cysts are benign, congenital rare lesions, frequently occurring in or near the midline. Rare localizations and variable radiologic findings have been described but remain exceptional. ⋯ Rare localizations previously published in the literature are discussed for dermoid cysts. To our best knowledge, this is the first giant dermoid cyst presenting with this localization.
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Endovascular embolization is being increasingly used to treat cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Common complications associated with embolization include intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke; intracranial infections seldomly occur and are even less frequently reported. Although abscess formation after embolization is exceedingly rare, it is a serious condition that warrants immediate attention. ⋯ Although rare, formation of an intracranial abscess after endovascular embolization is a potential complication in the treatment of arteriovenous malformations.