Folia Morphol
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Thirty-six arms from embalmed adult cadavers were utilised for this investigation. Coracobrachialis muscle was carefully examined to record variations in its attachments, morphology and its relationship with the musculocutaneous nerve. The results of the present work identified the presence of two heads of origin for the coracobrachialis muscle, which are situated superficial (anterior) and deep (posterior) to the musculocutaneous nerve. ⋯ Variations in the musculocutaneous nerve were in the form of lower origin from the lateral root of median nerve and a nerve with a short course after which it united with the median nerve. This investigation supplied evidence of the double heads of origin for the coracobrachialis muscle. The detected variability in insertion and association of the muscle with the musculocutaneous nerve further supports the idea that the coracobrachialis muscle is a complex muscle.
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We encountered variation in the formation of the median nerve in a 66-year-old male cadaver during dissection of the upper extremity of 20 adult cadavers. The dissections were made at the Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center. The median nerve was formed by fusion of four branches, three of them coming from the lateral cord and one from the medial cord. ⋯ These kinds of variations are vulnerable to damage in radical neck dissection and other surgical operations of the axilla and upper arm. The communicating branch can be explained on the basis of its embryologic development and also ought to be distinguished from the other nerve variations in the upper extremity. The aim of this paper is to provide additional information for the classification of previously found communications between the musculocutaneous and median nerves.
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The basilar papilla corresponds to the cochlea of mammals and is becoming a common model of assessment of the regeneration process which takes place after the damage to the inner ear caused by noise or ototoxic drugs. In this study the morphology of a chick's basilar papilla in light and electron microscopy is described. There are two types of hair cells (sensory cells): the tall hair cells and the short hair cells, whose morphology and pattern of innervation are different. ⋯ They are mainly innervated by the efferent fibers. The supporting cells, whose morphology is also described in the study, separate the hair cells from each other and from the basilar membrane. They are considered to be a source for regenerating hair cells.
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A case of the anomalous course of the renal vein is described. The vein trunk is divided into two crura: a thinner, anterior which passes in front of the abdominal aorta, and a thicker, posterior which lies behind the aorta. Both crura terminate in the inferior vena cava.