The American journal of clinical nutrition
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Review Meta Analysis
Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
The relation between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and body weight remains controversial. ⋯ Our systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and RCTs provides evidence that SSB consumption promotes weight gain in children and adults.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Arginine appearance and nitric oxide synthesis in critically ill infants can be increased with a protein-energy-enriched enteral formula.
Arginine is considered an essential amino acid during critical illness in children, and supplementation of arginine has been proposed to improve arginine availability to facilitate nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Protein-energy-enriched enteral formulas (PE-formulas) can improve nutrient intake and promote anabolism in critically ill infants. However, the effect of increased protein and energy intake on arginine metabolism is not known. ⋯ In critically ill infants with respiratory failure because of viral bronchiolitis, the intake of a PE-formula increases arginine availability by increasing arginine appearance, which leads to increased NO synthesis, independent of plasma arginine concentrations. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR515.
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Experimental models of cancer cachexia have indicated that systemic inflammation induces muscle-protein breakdown and wasting via muscular nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) activation. This process may limit the efficacy of nutritional intervention. ⋯ In lung cancer, muscular NF-κB activity is induced by factors contained within the circulation. Autophagy may contribute to increased muscle proteolysis in lung cancer cachexia, whereas the absence of downstream changes in phosphosubstrates despite increased Akt phosphorylation suggests impaired anabolic signaling that may require targeted nutritional intervention.
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Studies of whole grain and chronic disease have often included bran-enriched foods and other ingredients that do not meet the current definition of whole grains. Therefore, we assessed the literature to test whether whole grains alone had benefits on these diseases. ⋯ The ASN position, based on the current state of the science, is that consumption of foods rich in cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran is modestly associated with a reduced risk of obesity, T2D, and CVD. The data for whole grains alone are limited primarily because of varying definitions among epidemiologic studies of what, and how much, was included in that food category.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial.
Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Regularly interrupting sedentary behavior with activity breaks may lower this risk. ⋯ Regular activity breaks were more effective than continuous physical activity at decreasing postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy, normal-weight adults. This trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials registry as ACTRN12610000953033.