The American journal of clinical nutrition
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Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men.
Epidemiologic studies that directly examine changes in whole-grain consumption in relation to weight gain are sparse, and characterization of this association has been obscured by methodologic inconsistencies in the assessment of whole grains. ⋯ The increased consumption of whole grains was inversely related to weight gain, and the associations persisted after changes in added bran or fiber intakes were accounted for. This suggests that additional components in whole grains may contribute to favorable metabolic alterations that may reduce long-term weight gain.
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Endothelial dysfunction is one of the mechanisms linking diet and the risk of cardiovascular disease. ⋯ Because endothelial dysfunction is an early step in the development of atherosclerosis, this study suggests a mechanism for the role of dietary patterns in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Changes in basal and postmethionine load concentrations of total homocysteine and cystathionine after B vitamin intervention.
Vitamin B-6 is necessary for the metabolism of homocysteine and is often used in combination with folic acid and vitamin B-12 in clinical trials that investigate whether the lowering of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) can prevent vascular disease. ⋯ The folic acid and vitamin B-12 combination applied in WENBIT provides rapid, substantial, and long-term tHcy-lowering effects, whereas the effect of vitamin B-6 on tHcy was relatively small and confined to PML tHcy. However, vitamin B-6 treatment caused a marked reduction in plasma cystathionine. Cystathionine could be a useful marker for assessment of the vitamin B-6 effect and should, together with tHcy, be related to clinical outcome in ongoing trials.
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Concern that long-term weight retention after pregnancy contributes to obesity underscores the need to identify factors that facilitate postpartum weight loss. Lactation is believed to facilitate postpartum weight loss and fat loss. Calcium intake also has been hypothesized to promote weight loss and fat loss. ⋯ Body-composition changes occur differently in nonlactating and lactating women during the first 6 mo postpartum and occur at some sites until 12 mo postpartum regardless of previous lactation status. Clinicians should use caution when advising lactating mothers about expected rates of postpartum fat loss. Calcium supplementation (1 g/d) does not promote postpartum weight loss or fat loss.