Journal of theoretical biology
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G. G. Simpson was the first to explain the Baldwin Effect completely in terms of the theory of natural selection. ⋯ The distribution of phenotypes in a population depends largely on the extent of environmental stochasticity. When the environment undergoes intermediate rates of fluctuation, the Simpson-Baldwin effect arises through the interaction of natural selection and mutation on norms of reaction. In a highly volatile environment, organisms benefit from plasticity, and consequently do not experience a Simpson-Baldwin channeling of phenotypic possibility.
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Extant mechanistic models of rumen functions are unable to predict the molar proportion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) accurately. In order to make these models useful in investigating theories on nutrient flows that go beyond the rumen, the representations adopted need to be improved. This theoretical study was directed at identifying what parts of a rumen model may be responsible for the inaccurate VFA prediction. ⋯ Simulation results demonstrated that the predicted molar proportion of rumen VFA concentrations is particularly influenced by VFA absorption kinetics and VFA coefficients. Although the description of particle dynamics also had a large influence with certain choices of its parameterization, it is probably a less important cause of inaccurate predication when rumen feed degradation (apparent from rumen outflow) is predicted well. In conclusion, to obtain improved predictions of the molar proportions of rumen VFA, further work is required on the representation of VFA absorption kinetics and of VFA coefficients of fermentation stoichiometry.
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Kin selection theory predicts that altruistic behaviors, those that decrease the fitness of the individual performing the behavior but increase the fitness of the recipient, can increase in frequency if the individuals interacting are closely related. Several studies have shown that inbreeding therefore generally increases the effectiveness of kin selection when fitnesses are linear, additive functions of the number of altruists in the family, although with extreme forms of altruism, inbreeding can actually retard the evolution of altruism. These models assume that a constant proportion of the population mates at random and a constant proportion practices some form of inbreeding. ⋯ This association subsequently results in indirect selection on the inbreeding locus. However, the dynamics of this model go beyond a simple "hitch-hiking" effect, because high levels of altruism lead to increased inbreeding, and high degrees of inbreeding accelerate the rate of change of the altruistic allele in the entire population. Thus, the dynamics of this model are similar to those of "runaway" sexual selection, with gene frequency change at the two loci interactively causing rapid evolutionary change.
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The first test which any theory of pain must pass is that it must be able to explain the phenomena observed in acute pain in humans. This criterion is used to test the major theory of pain at present, the gate control theory of Melzack & Wall (1965, 1982). The theory is explicit enough to be cast in mathematical terms, and the mathematical model is shown to explain the observations considered. ⋯ This is the first time that the gate control theory has been used to explain any quality of pain. It has important consequences for the treatment of such pain. Finally, the applicability of the gate control theory as an explanation for chronic pain is discussed.