The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics
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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. · Jul 1989
Comparative Study Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical TrialKinetic and dynamic study of intravenous lorazepam: comparison with intravenous diazepam.
Six healthy volunteers received a single i.v. dose of 'low dose' lorazepam (0.0225 mg/kg), 'high dose' lorazepam (0.045 mg/kg) and placebo by 1-min infusion in a double-blind three-way crossover study. Plasma concentrations were measured 24 hr after dosage, and the EEG power spectrum was simultaneously computed by fast-Fourier transform to determine the percentage of total EEG amplitude occurring in the 13-30-Hz range. Low and high dose lorazepam did not differ significantly in distribution volume (1.89 versus 1.81 l/kg) or elimination half-life (11.5 versus 12.2 hr); clearance was slightly although significantly reduced at the higher dose (2.08 versus 1.88 ml/min/kg, P less than .005). ⋯ In addition, the onset of diazepam's effect was immediate. In male CD-1 mice that received i.v. diazepam (8.3 mg/kg) or lorazepam (3.3 mg/kg), the brain:plasma concentration ratio was maximal 2.5 min after dosage for diazepam, but equilibration was delayed at least 30 min after dosage for lorazepam. Thus the slow onset of action of lorazepam is probably attributable to slow entry into brain.
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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. · Jun 1989
Multiplicative interaction between intrathecally and intracerebroventricularly administered mu opioid agonists but limited interactions between delta and kappa agonists for antinociception in mice.
Simultaneous action of morphine on supraspinal and spinal sites produces a multiplicative interaction for antinociception which may be important for the analgesia produced by systemically administered morphine. The purpose of this study was to see whether other agonists with more receptor selective opioid actions than morphine would also produce this multiplicative interaction. DAMPGO (Tyr-D-Ala2-Gly-NMePhe4-Gly-ol5), DPDPE (D-Pen2, D-Pen5, enkephalin) and U50-488H, opioid agonists highly selective for mu, delta and kappa receptors, respectively, were administered alone i.c.v. or intrathecally (i.t.) or in combination (i.c.v. plus i.t.) to determine ED50 values for the tail-flick response in mice. ⋯ The multiplicative interaction was a property characteristic of mu but not delta and kappa agonists. Based on the similarity between morphine and DAMPGO, it was postulated that both mu agonists act on redundant descending pain inhibitory pathways to produce multiplication. A second mechanism for multiplicative interaction was based on the difference between DAMPGO and morphine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. · Mar 1989
Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical TrialEvaluation of the abuse potential of methocarbamol.
The subjective and behavioral effects of p.o. administered methocarbamol, lorazepam and placebo were studied in a nonresidential group of adult male volunteers with histories of recreational substance abuse including sedative/hypnotics. In the first phase of the investigation, a dose run-up of methocarbamol (up to 12 g) was conducted in six subjects to determine appropriate doses. In the second phase, a randomized block cross-over study using 14 subjects was conducted. ⋯ Methocarbamol also increased ratings on measures indicating the emergence of dysphoric and other side effects at high doses. Both drugs impaired psychomotor and cognitive performance, with lorazepam generally producing greater effects than methocarbamol. The results indicate that methocarbamol, at doses well above those used therapeutically, has some potential to be abused by persons with histories of sedative/hypnotic abuse; however, this potential for abuse is probably decreased by the accompanying side effects at high doses and is probably less than that of lorazepam.
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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. · Jan 1989
Neocortical epileptogenesis in vitro: studies with N-methyl-D-aspartate, phencyclidine, sigma and dextromethorphan receptor ligands.
Slices of rat neocortex have been used to study the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the induction of epileptiform activity. The NMDA antagonist potency of a range of compounds with putative anticonvulsant activity has been compared with their ability to reduce epileptiform activity in this tissue. Epileptiform activity was induced by the omission of magnesium from the bathing medium. ⋯ Sigma and dextromethorphan receptor ligands (e.g. ditolyguanidine, carbetapentane and phenytoin), whereas inactive as NMDA antagonists, reduced epileptiform activity by decreasing the number of afterpotentials per burst with less effect on the burst frequency. The quisqualate/kainate antagonist, FG9041 (6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione), only reduced spontaneous bursts at doses which also reduced NMDA. Our results imply a central role for NMDA receptors in epileptogenesis in neocortical slices.
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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. · Oct 1988
Cardiovascular effects of rat calcitonin gene-related peptide in the conscious rat.
The role of rat calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a recently characterized vasoactive neuropeptide, in cardiovascular regulation was studied in the conscious rat. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, cardiac output (thermodilution technique) and regional blood flow (directional pulsed Doppler velocimetry) were monitored after i.v. or i.c.v. administration of CGRP. Systemic administration of CGRP (0.1-10 nmol/kg i.v.) decreased MAP and increased heart rate in a dose-related manner. ⋯ CGRP, i.c.v. (0.1-10 nmol/kg), induced a modest tachycardia in both intact and sinoaortic denervated rats, but was devoid of any other cardiovascular effects. The results indicate that CGRP is a potent vasodilator of mesenteric, renal and hindquarter skeletal muscle blood vessels in the conscious rat. The hypotensive and vasodilator actions of circulating CGRP are likely to be mediated by direct peripheral interaction with CGRP receptors on vascular smooth muscle, whereas its tachycardic effect seems to involve reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system.