Pediatr Crit Care Me
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Pediatr Crit Care Me · Mar 2010
ReviewUnplanned extubation in pediatric critically ill patients: a systematic review and best practice recommendations.
The aim of this study was to update the state of knowledge of unplanned extubations in the pediatric population. The main topics addressed in the current literature on unplanned extubations were: 1) incidence; 2) risk factors; 3) risk factors for reintubation after unplanned extubations; and 4) strategies to prevent unplanned extubations. Based on this review we summarize and propose best practices in preventing unplanned extubations. ⋯ There are few studies assessing unplanned extubations in pediatric intensive care units. The available quality studies have shown that improvement of quality components is effective in reducing unplanned extubations. Although further rigorous studies are needed to establish strong recommendations on unplanned extubations prevention, we present a summary of recommendations based on review of the current literature.
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Pediatr Crit Care Me · Mar 2010
ReviewNursing considerations in the care of patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Pulmonary hypertension is a potentially lethal condition that may be encountered during the entire life span of patients with many forms of congenital or acquired heart disease, pulmonary disorders, and other diseases. Each pulmonary hypertensive patient requires anticipatory interventions geared to prevent severe exacerbations of the pulmonary hypertensive condition, promote pulmonary vasodilation, and optimize ventricular function. ⋯ Nurses are in a critical position to provide anticipatory care to prevent the development of pulmonary hypertensive events. Nurses can be instrumental in optimizing outcomes for patients with pulmonary hypertension by providing immediate care upon the development of a pulmonary hypertension event and by monitoring ongoing responses to adjustments in therapeutic interventions.
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Pediatr Crit Care Me · Mar 2010
Admission chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 levels predict survival in pediatric septic shock.
Stratification with an effective outcome biomarker could improve the design of interventional trials in pediatric septic shock. The objective of this study was to test the usefulness of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 as an outcome biomarker for mortality in pediatric septic shock. ⋯ A serum level of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 of < or =140 pg/mL, when obtained within 24 hrs of admission, predicts a very high likelihood of survival in pediatric septic shock. Exclusion of patients with a chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 level of < or =140 pg/mL from interventional clinical trials in pediatric septic shock could create a study population in which survival benefit from the study agent could be more readily demonstrated.
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Pulmonary arterial hypertension in children contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in diverse pediatric cardiac, lung, hematologic, and other diseases. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is generally a disease of small pulmonary arteries characterized by vascular narrowing due to high-tone and abnormal vasoreactivity, structural remodeling of the vessel wall, intraluminal obstruction, and decreased vascular growth and surface area. ⋯ Advances in basic pulmonary vascular biology over the last few decades have led directly to several novel therapies, which have significantly expanded therapeutic choices and have led to improved survival and quality of life of many children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Despite these improvements, long-term outcomes in many settings remain guarded and substantial challenges persist, especially with regard to understanding mechanisms and approach to structural remodeling of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Pediatr Crit Care Me · Mar 2010
ReviewPathophysiology of right ventricular failure in pulmonary hypertension.
This review focuses on right ventricular anatomy and function and the significance of ventricular interdependence in the response of the right ventricle to an increase in afterload. This is followed by a discussion of the pathophysiology of right ventricular failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension as well as in other clinical syndromes of pulmonary hypertension. ⋯ Regardless of the etiology, an increase in right ventricular afterload leads to a number of compensatory changes in cardiovascular physiology. These changes are not altogether intuitive and require an understanding of right ventricular physiology and ventricular interdependence to optimize the care of these patients.