Ann Acad Med Singap
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Ann Acad Med Singap · Nov 1994
ReviewClinical pearls in the anaesthetic management of elderly patients.
Recently published information is changing the approach of anaesthetists to pulmonary aspiration prophylaxis, drug dosing, hypertension during general anaesthesia, hypotension during spinal and epidural anaesthesia, intraoperative hypothermia, and postoperative ileus in elderly patients. Routine aspiration prophylaxis is no longer recommended. Lower drug doses are required to achieve the same endpoints in the elderly as in younger patients. ⋯ The adverse effects of inadvertent intraoperative hypothermia are discussed, including the conversion of vecuronium from an intermediate to a long-acting neuromuscular blocking agent. Spinal or epidural local anaesthetics with or without spinal or epidural opioids and ketorolac are associated with less postoperative ileus than postoperative analgesia based on opioids administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Finally, improving postoperative care will reduce perioperatively mortality to a greater extent than reducing intraoperative anaesthesia-related complications.
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Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle. In humans, MH is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion; in swine, the principal model for MH, it is in a recessive fashion. Those with MH susceptibility usually are asymptomatic except in the presence of certain "triggering" anaesthetic agents such as isoflurane, enflurane and the muscle relaxant succinylcholine. ⋯ The pathophysiology of MH centres around a defect in calcium flux in skeletal muscle. A specific base pair change in the gene that codes for the ryanodine receptor calcium channel in muscle has been demonstrated in susceptible swine, but occurs rarely in humans. It is hoped that the understanding of the molecular genetics of MH will lead to a simpler diagnostic test than is currently available, and enhance our understanding of MH and its relation to other myopathies.
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Thyroid function and pubertal development of aborigines (Orang Asli) and Malays at different socioeconomic strata were assessed among 1136 subjects aged 7 years and above. Anthropometric measurements, goitre and pubertal staging were done. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and growth hormone were measured using radioimmunoassays (RIA) and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by immunoradiometric assays (IRMA). ⋯ It was also a predictor for TSH levels in children but not in adults. Fasting serum growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly higher among less privileged groups and decreased according to social development. Serum growth hormone was negatively correlated with anthropometric indices and had a significant association with malnutrition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Formal Quality Assurance programmes have been widely promoted and applied in anaesthesia departments in the United States of America. The rationale of three well-known programmes is examined. Although they may be of use as a method of examining one's own practice, there is little objective evidence to support the idea of measuring an anaesthesiologist's competence. There is also a danger that licensing authorities will misuse such spurious information.
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Ann Acad Med Singap · Nov 1994
Physiologic chart for rapid identification of causes of abnormal haemodynamics.
The systemic haemodynamic state is expressed by paired values of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Stroke Index (SI), varying for every heart beat. Algebraic product of SI and Heart Rate (HR) then defines the perfusion-related Cardiac Index (CI), which is the dynamic modulator of Oxygen Delivery Index (DO2I). Since MAP, SI and CI can each attain a normal, infranormal or supranormal level, there is a total of 9 haemodynamic states, plus 3 CI states. ⋯ The deviation in CI from its normal level then determines the deviation in chronotropy. In contrast to current management methodology of trial and error, the HMC enables the clinician to continuously manage a patient's haemodynamics within the HTG. This is expected to produce a shorter therapy and improved outcome.